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GENERAL VIEW 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES; 



COMPRISING, ALSO, 



A DESCRIPTION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL STATE AND 
TERRITORY IN THE UNION; 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 

VARIOUS TABULAR STATEMENTS, 

COMPREHENDING AGGREGATES OF THE 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

AT DIFFERENT PERIODS, AS WELt AS 

IN THE YEARn840. 

TABLES OF THE MINING, AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND 
COMMERCIAL INDUSTRY OF THE UNION; 



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CANALS, RAIL-ROADS, COLLEGES, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, ETC. 



BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, 

N. E. CORNER OF MARKET AND SEVENTH STS. 

1846. *^ 



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GENERAL VIEW 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES; 



COMPRISING, ALSO, 



A DESCRIPTION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL STATE AND 
TERRITORY IN THE UNION; ' 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 

VARIOUS TABULAR STATEMENTS, 

COMPREHENDING AGGREGATES OF THE 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

AT DIFFERENT PERIODS, AS WELL AS 

IN THE YEAR 1840. 

TABLES OF THE MINING, AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND 
COMMERCIAL INDUSTRY OF THE UNION; 

ALSO, OF ITS 

CANALS. RAIL-ROADS. COLLEGES, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONj 
BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL) 



PHILADELPHIA; 
PUBLISHED BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, 

N. E. CORNER OF MARKET AND SEVENTH STS. 

1846. 




Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by 

H. N. BURROUGHS, 

in the clerk's office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



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PEEFACE. 



The rapid growth of the American Republic in extent and population, and the 
distinguished position it has assumed among the nations of the earth, render an 
acquaintance with the geography of its various states and territories so important, 
that no one can, without the imputation of ignorance, be destitute to any extent 
of a knowledge of what is becoming every day better understood, and of which 
the means and the materials are constantly on the increase. It is, doubtless, 
incumbent on every individual to become familiar, as far as practicable, with the 
geography, resources, and condition of the country of which he is a citizen : 
more especially he who exercises the right of suffrage should, to the extent that 
his means will permit, obtain a knowledge of the character and details of the 
government of which he may with propriety be called one of the joint sove- 
reigns, and for the proper conduct of the administration of which he is indirectly 
responsible. 

A perusal of the following pages will be found to supply a large amount of 
valuable information, concisely stated in comparatively a small space, and to 
impart an intimate acquaintance with the physical features, population, produc- 
tions, resources, trade, and improvement of all parts of the Union. For fami- 
lies it is well calculated as a compendious reading-book; and for scholars, whose 
ideas of geography are derived from some of the various treatises that are usually 
studied in the public and private schools of the Union, it will impart a more 
extended and enlarged view of that important science. 

The geographical description comprises a general account of the Union, with 
its Executive government. Judiciary, Public Lands, Army, Navy, &c. ; followed 
by a special delineation of all the different states, including Florida and Texas, 
as well as the Wisconsin, Iowa, Indian, Missouri, and Oregon Territories — 
representing their position, soil, minerals, agriculture, products, manufactures, 
commerce, religious denominations, cities, towns, &c. ; all derived from the best 
authorities, and brought down to the present time. Besides which, there are 
a number of valuable statistical tables, comprehending an aggregate of the num- 
bers of the different classes of the inhabitants, and their pursuits, — the compara- 
tive numbers of the population at different periods, besides lists of the universi- 
ties and colleges, and other literary and scientific institutions, — the principal 
canals and rail-roads, numbers of the individuals attached to the different 
religious societies in the country, &c. The whole forming a mass of facts, 
interesting to men of business and students of geography, as well as to the 
public generally. 

Philadelphia, April, 1846. 



UNITED STATES. 



UNITED STATES. 

The United States are the most interesting and important division of the 
western continent. They are distinguished for the excellence of their govern- 
ment, the rapid increase of the population, and for the intelligence, industry, and 
enterprise of the inhabitants. They occupy the most valuable and productive 
portion of North America, and rank amongst the most powerful commercial and 
wealthy nations of the globe. 

The United States are situated between 24° 20' and 54° 40' N. latitude, and 
longitude 17° E., and 125° W. longitude, extending through 29 degrees of lati- 
tude and 58 degrees of longitude, and comprise a superficial area of upwards of 
2,300,000 square miles. The frontier line has a length of 10,000 miles, of which 
about 3600 are sea-coast, and 1200 lake-coast. A line drawn across from the At- 
lantic to the Pacific, through the centre, is about 2500 miles in length. 

So vast a region of course includes a great variety of sarface, soil, and climate. 
It abounds in navigable rivers, and a large proportion of it is susceptible of culti- 
vation, and is of a quality calculated to repay the labour bestowed upon it, more 
than almost any other region of the same extent in the world : but a small portion 
of its surface is occupied by mountains, which, from their height or ruggedness, 
forbid all attempts to render them productive in the means of subsistence to. man. 
There are no great deserts, and few barrens; nothing like the vast sterile plains 
which exist in other parts of the world. The basins of the rivers are exceed- 
ingly productive : that of the Mississippi, including the Missouri, is undoubtedly 
the finest valley on the globe. It is abundantly watered by streams, which not 
only give fertility to their borders, but are ready to waft the gifts of the soil to the 
ocean, and bring back to the inhabitants the products of all other climes. The 
soil returns an ample harvest for all that is planted in it, and the climate is favour- 
able to almost every production of the earth that can sustain life or increase its 
luxuries. 

Though lying within the temperate zone, the United States embrace a great 
variety of climate. In the northern parts, the winters are long and severe ; snow 
often falls to the depth of two or three feet, and the cold is so piercing as to 
oblige the inhabitants to make very diligent provision against it. Spring returns 
here in April, and in summer the heat is great. In the southern parts of the 
country, snow is seldom seen, ice is rarely formed in the rivers, and those fruits 
which shrink from a northern climate, and flourish only in warm regions, are 
scattered over the soil. In Georgia, the inhabitants may collect the figs which 
grow before the windows, and may load their tables with oranges, lemons, and 
other exquisite fruits that grow in their gardens and groves, while in parts of 
Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, even peaches will not flourish. Between 
these extremities, as in Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Illinois, there is a re- 
gion adapted to the wine-grape, which thrives best in places removed from both 
the torrid and frigid zones. 

The United States are intersected by two principal and two subordinate ranges 
of mountains, the Rocky and Alleghany, the Ozark and Green Mountains. The 
Rocky Mountain, or Chippewayan range, forms the great dividing ridge of North 
America, separating the waters which flow in opposite directions, towards the 
great oceans which bound the opposite sides of the continent. They are situated 
at a medium distance of about 600 miles from the Pacific ; the highest rise above 
the line of perpetual congelation, being estimated at about 12,000 feet in height. 

The Alleghany, or Appalachian range, runs in a north-easterly direction from 
the northern part of Alabama to New-York, stretching along in uniform ridges, 
at the distance of from 250 to 80 miles from the sea-coast, and following its gene- 
ral direction. It occupies in breadth a space of from 60 to 120 miles, and sepa- 
rates the waters which run into the Atlantic Ocean, from those which flow into 
the Mississippi and its tributaries. • The highest elevation in this range, and the 






UNITED STATES. 



most prominent in the Atlantic States, is Black Mountain, in the western part of 
North Carolina : it is 6476 feet in height. 

The Green Mountains extend from Connecticut, through Massachusetts and 
Vermont, to Canada, dividing the Atlantic rivers from those of Lake Champlain 
and the St. Lawrence. Some of the peaks of this range attain considerable ele- 
vation. In New Hampshire and Maine, are found many considerable peaks, which 
are not connected with any systematic range, but are scattered in detached 
groups. The White Mountains, in New Hampshire, are the most elevated in 
New England. Mount Katahdin, or Ktaadin, near the centre of the state of 
Maine, is the highest in that state. The view from its summit is fine and varied, 
and extends over 80 or 100 miles. The other principal heights in Maine are 
Wassataquoik Mountain, Mount Abraham, Mount Bigelow, Speckled Mountain. 
The Ozark Mountains extend from Texas, through the western part of Arkan- 
sas, into the lead-mine region of Missouri. Their general direction is nearly 
similar to that of the Alleghany range, and their altitude is supposed to be about 
2000 feet above the sea. 

The territory of the United Stales is washed by three seas, the Atlantic Ocean 
on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. 
The principal bays and sounds on the Atlantic border, are Passamaquoddy Bay, 
which lies between the state of Maine and the British province of New Bruns- 
wick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, on the coast of 
Massachusetts; Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Con- 
necticut; Delaware Bay, between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, which sepa- 
rates New Jersey from Delaware ; Chesapeake Bay, which communicates with 
the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, and extends in a northern di- 
rection for 200 miles, through the states of Virginia and Maryland ; and Albe- 
marle and Pamplico Sounds, on the coast of North Carolina. In the Gulf of 
Mexico, the principal bays are Chatham Bay, near the southern extremity of the 
peninsula of Florida ; Appalachie Bay ; and Mobile Bay, in Alabama. In the 
Pacific, the Gulf of Georgia is the most important inlet on the western coast of 
the United States. It separates Qudra and Vancouver's Island from the main 
land, and is about 120 miles in length from north to south, and from 5 to 20 miles 
in width. 

The great lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, not being altogether in the 
United States, have been described elsewhere. The boundary between the Bri- 
tish and American territories passes through their centre, allotting about an equal 
share of their vast waters to each nation. Lake Michigan is wholly within the 
territory of the United States. It is connected with Huron by the Strait of 
Michillimackinac, and is about 320 miles in length, and from 55 to 60 miles wide, 
with an area of 16,200 square miles. The country around the head of this lake 
is settling rapidly ; and the mildness of the climate, the excellence of the soil, 
and the probable speedy junction of its waters with those of the Mississippi, will 
shortly fill this portion of the west with population and wealth. By the St. Clair 
River, of 35 miles course, the waters of Huron rapidly descend to the St. Clair, a 
shallov/ lake about 90 miles in circuit. Detroit River connects Lakes St. Clair and 
Erie. The other lakes of any magnitude in the United States are Chamiplain in 
New- York, Winnipiseogee in New Hampshire, and Moose Head in Maine. 

Lake Champlain separates the States of New York and Vermont, and is in 
extent 140 miles nearly north and south. It is connected with the Hudson river 
j by the Champlain canal, and with the St. Lawrence river by the Sorelle, or Riche- 
! lieu. Large and elegant steam-boats ply daily between Whitehall and St. John's, 
I Lower Canada, which touch at the principal places, and numerous travellers are 
I constantly passing and repassing this route during the season of navigation. 

Lake Winnipiseogee is one of the most picturesque sheets of water in New 
England. It is very irregular in form, and contains a number of islands, some of 
which are cultivated. The lake is about 22 miles long, and from 1 to 8 miles 
wide. 

' Moose Head Lake is situated in the central parts of Maine. It is of an irre- 
gular form, about 38 miles in length, and from 2 to 12 wide. The main branch 






of Kennebeck river flows from it. Around it, at various distances, are situated 
some of the highest mountains in Maine. 

The Rivers vv'hich water the territory of the United States are numerous, and 
some of them among the most important in the world. No portion of the globe 
possesses greater facilities for inland navigation and trade, or is more generally 
intersected with large and navigable streams. They may be divided into four 
great classes : 1st. The streams which rise on the east side of the Alleghany 
mountains, and flow into the Atlantic Ocean ; 2d. Those south of the Alleghany 
range, which discharge themselves into the Gulf of Mexico; 3d. The' Mississippi 
and its wide tributaries, which drain the waters of the vast valley included be- 
tween the Rocky and Alleghany ranges ; and 4th. The rivers which, rising on the 
western declivity of the Rocky Mountains, direct their course to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

The Penobscot is the largest river that has its course wholly in the State of 
Maine. It joins the Penobscot Bay between the towns of Penobscot and Prospect. 
It is navigable for vessels of considerable burden to Bangor, where navigation and 
the tide terminate. Large quantities of timber are exported from the sea-ports 
on the river and bay. The course of this river is near 300 miles. 

Kennebeck River is, next to the Penobscot, the largest in Maine. It is the 
outlet of Moose Head lake, the most considerable in the State. It is navigable 
for vessels of 150 tons to Hallowell, 40 miles from the sea. Its whole course is 
about 230 miles. 

Connecticut River, the most important stream in New England, rises in the 
highlands separating the United States from Canada, and flows into Long Island 
Sound, afl;er a course of upwards of 400 miles. It is navigable to Hartford for 
large steam-boats, and vessels of 8 feet draught ; also for small steam-boats to 
Wells river, in Vermont, more than 200 miles above Hartford. The head waters 
of this river are elevated 1600 feet above Long Island Sound. Its banks present 
to the eye every variety of scenery ; — magnificent mountains and hills, delightful 
valleys and meadows, unsurpassed in beauty and fertility, and many of the most 
beautiful towns and villages in New England. 

The Hudson River rises west of Lake Champlain in numerous branches, and 
pursuing nearly a straight southerly course of about 320 miles, unites with the 
Atlantic below the city of New York. This is one of the most important rivers 
in the United States. The navigation and commerce on its waters are very great, 
and annually increasing. By means of the Erie and Champlain canals, it is con- 
nected with Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence river. It is navigable for ships of 
large burden to Hudson city, and for the largest steam-boats to Albany and Troy. 

Delaware River rises in New York, and flowing south, separates Pennsylvania 
from New York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware bay, after a course of 
about 310 miles, below New Castle. It is navigable for vessels of the greatest 
burden to Philadelphia,- and for small craft to the head of the tide at Trenton, 
above which city it is navigable 100 miles for boats of 8 or 9 tons. 

Susquehannah River, one of the largest in Pennsylvania, is formed by its north 
and west branches, which unite at Northumberland. Its north, or longest branch, 
rises in Otsego lake. New York, from whence to its mouth is about 460 miles. 

The Potomac River rises in two branches in the Alleghany Mountains, and 
forms, during its course to Chesapeake bay, the boundary between Virginia and 
Maryland. It is navigable for vessels of large burthen to Washington city. Its 
junction at Harper's Ferry with the Shenandoah, is regarded as a great curiosity. 
Its length is about 335 miles. 

James River pursues a course of upwards of 400 miles, and unites with the 
south part of Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads. It is navigable for sloops to 
Richmond, where the Great Falls formerly presented an obstruction, but a canal 
has been made around them, and the river is now navigable for batteaux 2.30 
miles above the city. 

Savannah River separates South Carolina from Georgia, and enters the Atlantic 
17 miles below Savannah, to which city it is navigable for vessels of large bur- 
den. Steam-boats ascend the river to Augusta falls. 



UNITED STATES. 



1 



Appalachicola, which discharges itself into the bay of the same name, in the 
Gulf of Mexico, is formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. 
The former is navigated to Columbus by steam-boats : on its head-waters are 
numerous gold-mines. The Appalachicola and Chattahoochee united, are about 
425 miles in length. 

The Mobile River is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombeckbee 
rivers, 40 miles above Mobile. The head-waters of the Alabama rise in the gold- 
region of Georgia, not far from the sources of the Chattahoochee, and after a south- 
west course of near 500 miles, form a junction with the Tombeckbee. Steam- 
boats ascend to Montgomery, a distance, by the meanders of the rivers, of near 
300 miles. 

The Mississippi is the largest river of North America, and one of the noblest 
in the world — watering a more fertile region, and having a larger course of unin- 
terrupted navigation, than any other known stream. Its course — taken in con- 
nexion with its mighty auxiliary, the Missouri — is estimated at 4490 miles in 
length. The space drained by its waters is supposed to exceed 1,300,000 square 
miles, being upwards of two-thirds of the whole territory of the United States, or 
about one twenty-eighth part of the terraqueous surface of the globe. In no por- 
tion of the world has the triumph of art over the obstacles of nature been so com- 
plete. The introduction of steam-navigation has been productive of immense 
advantages, and has been carried to a greater extent than on any other river. 
Mississippi proper rises west of Lake Superior, in a dreary and desolate region, 
amidst lakes and swamps, and, after pursuing a south-east course of about 600 
miles, reaches the falls of St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly 16 feet, 
and where are 58 feet of rapids. Thence it flows a south-easterly, and then 
southerly direction ; and after forming the boundary between Missouri, Arkansas 
Territory, and Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky,. Tennessee, and 
Mississippi, on the east, discharges its waters, through many mouths, into the 
Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3000 miles long, and is navigable for steam-boats to 
the falls of St. Anthony. The following are the principal tributaries of the Mis- 
sissippi from the west : — The St. Peter's, which joins it at Fort Snelling, is a 
stream of about 400 miles, flowing a south-east course. The Des Moines, a river 
of about 400 miles in length, enters the Mississippi about 130 miles above the 
Missouri. 

The Missouri enters the Mississippi river about 18 miles above St. Louis, after 
a course of 3217 miles. Although it loses its name at its confluence with the 
latter, it is much the longer stream of the two; but the Mississippi, having been 
first discovered and explored, has retained its name to the Gulf of Mexico. This 
error being now past remedy, the Missouri must be considered as a tributary of 
the Mississipi. It is formed of numerous branches, which rise among the Rocky 
Mountains, between the parallels of 42° and 48° N. Latitude. The most remote 
are the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers. The only obstruction that occurs 
to its navigation is at the Great Falls, a distance of 2575 miles from the Missis- 
sippi. Here the river descends 362 feet in 18 miles : the descent is by four great 
pitches or cataracts, of 98, 19, 49, and 26 feet, respectively. The width of the 
river is about 350 yards, and the cataracts are considered to be, next to those of 
Niagara, the grandest in the world. About 100 miles above, is the place called 
the Gates of the Rocky Mountains. This river was lately ascended by a steam- 
vessel 300 miles above the Yellow Stone, a distance from the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi of 3460 miles. 

The largest tributaries of the Missouri are, the Yellow Stone, of 1100 miles in 
length, the Platte, or Shallow river, of 1600 miles course, and the Kanzas, of 
1200 miles in length. They all rise in the Rocky Mountains, and flow through 
a flat prairie country, inhabited by a widely scattered Indian population. 

The Arkansas is, after the Missouri, the most considerable tributary of the Mis- 
sissi;ipi from the west. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and its course is com- 
puted to be about 2000 miles. It enters the Mississippi river about 540 miles 
below the Missouri. Steam-boats can generally ascend this river to the mouth 

13 T ""^ 



8 



UNITED STATE 



of the Canadian, its largest tributary, and occasionally to Cantonment Gibson, 640 
miles from the Mississippi river. 

The Red River is the first tributary stream of any note which enters the Mis- 
sissippi, in 'ascending from its mouth. It has a course of about 1500 miles, and 
flows through immense prairies of a red soil. 

The principal tributaries of the Mississippi which flow into it from the east- 
ward are as follows : — 

Chippeway River, 200 miles in length, enters the Mississippi at the lower end 
of Lake Pepin. 

The Wisconsin River joins the Mississippi about 4 or 5 miles below the town 
of Prairie du Chien. In part of its course it approaches so near the Fox River 
of Green Bay, as to leave a portage of only 1^ miles. It is one of the great natu- 
ral channels of communication between the lakes and the Mississippi. 

The Illinois River enters the Mississippi 18 miles above the Missouri, after a 
course of more than 400 miles. It is near a quarter of a mile wide at its mouth, 
and has a remarkably smooth, gentle current. 

The Ohio River is the largest eastern tributary of the Mississippi. At its 
junction, and for 100 miles above, it is as large as the parent stream. This river, 
from its commencement, afl^ords the most delightful prospects. Tributaries*of 
romantic and beautiful character come in almost at equal distances, as lateral 
canals. The Ohio is formed by the union of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separa- 
ting the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from Virginia and Kentucky, and 
falls into the Mississippi 193 miles below the Missouri. Its current is gentle, 
and is nowhere broken by any considerable falls, except at Louisville, in Ken- 
tucky, where the water descends 222 f^et in 2 miles. This obstruction is now 
obviated by the Louisville and Portland canal, which affords a passage to steam- 
boats of small draft, at all seasons, to the upper parts of the river at Pittsburg. 

The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, a fine navigable river, which 
rises in the north-east part of Indiana. It is in length about 450 miles. 

The Cumberland River rises in the mountains, on the eastern boundary of 
Kentucky. At high water, it is navigable for boats almost to its source, and for 
steam-boats to Nashville at all seasons. 

Tennessee River is formed by the union of several large branches, which 
rising in the mountainous country in western Virginia and North Carolina, unite 
in one in the vicinity of Knoxville, enters the Ohio 46 miles above the Mississippi, 
and 12 below the Cumberland. Its entire course from the source of its longest 
branch, is 850 miles distant from the Ohio. It is navigable for steam-boats, in 
most stages of the water, to Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals. This is 
the most important of all the tributaries of the Ohio. 

The Yazoo, the most southern of the principal eastern tributaries of the Mis- 
sissippi, has a course of 240 miles, and discharges its waters into the Mississippi 
about 12 miles above the Walnut Hills. 

The most considerable river on the Pacific side of the Rocky Mountains is the 
Columbia, or Oregon. Its head-waters interlock with the Arkansas, Rio del 
Norte, &c. ; it is about 1400 miles in length, its principal branches are Lewis's or 
Saptin river, 1000 miles in extent ; Clark's or Flat Head river, 700 miles long, 
M'Gillivray's, Okinagan, &c. Fort George or Astoria, Fort Vancouver, and 
others, on these waters, are trading establishments belonging to the British Hud- 
son's Bay Company. Vessels of 300 tons may ascend the Columbia, 125 miles; 
and large sloops may go up to the head of tide, 183 miles from the Ocean. 

Minerals abound in the United States in great variety and profusion. Iron is 
very generally diffused, and is very abundant. Lead, limestone, and coal both of 
the anthracite and bituminous kind, abound in quantities supposed to be inex- 
haustible, especially of the former description. Gold has recently been found to 
a considerable amount in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, 
and Tennessee. The most valuable mines are in North Carolina and Georgia. 
It is difficult to ascertain the amount of gold found in the United States ; but the 
value of the metal sent to the Mint, from 1823 to 1836, was $4,377,500, pro- 



UNITED STATES. 



bably not one half of the produce for that period, as large amounts of it are sent 
to Europe uncoined. The lead-mines of Missouri, Illinois and Wisconsin, are 
said to be the richest in quality in the world ; and the quantity of that metal ex- 
tracted from the ore, within the last few years, has been so great as to exclude 
almost entirely the foreign article from our markets. The annual produce of the 
Missouri mines is estimated at 5^ million, and of the Illinois and Wisconsin, 24 
million pounds. 

Salt springs abound in many parts of the Union, and large quantities are manu- 
factured in New York, Western Pennsylvania, Western Virginia, Ohio, and Illi- 
nois : it is also made from sea-water in some parts of New England. The whole 
amount made in 1840 was 6,179,174 bushels. 

The United States form a federal republic. Each of the States is independent, 
and has the exclusive control of all concerns merely local ; but the defence of the 
country, the regulation of commerce, and all the general concerns of the confede- 
racy, are committed, by the constitution, to a general government. 

The legislative power is vested in a Congress, consisting of a Senate and House 
of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each State, 
chosen every two years, for a period of six years, so that one-third of the Senate 
is renewed biennially. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen 
every two years. Their number is proportioned to the number of inhabitants, and 
the ratio has been fixed at one for every 70,680 inhabitants, three-fifths of the 
slaves being omitted in the enumeration. The House of Representatives repre- 
sents the people; the Senate represents the States. 

The judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one chief and eight associate 
judges; of 35 District Courts, of one judge each, except that seven of the States 
are divided into districts (New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Missis- 
sippi and Louisiana, are divided into two districts each, and Tennessee is divided 
into three districts) ; there are 9 Circuit Courts, composed of the judge of the dis- 
trict, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court. 

The executive power is vested in a President, who, together with the Vice- 
President, is chosen for four years, by electors from all the States. The principal 
subordinate officers of the executive department are the Secretaries of State, of 
the Treasury, of War, and of the Navy, the Postmaster-General, and the Attor- 
ney-General. The President must be a native-born citizen, or have been a citizen 
at the adoption of the constitution, of 35 years of age, and have resided in the 
United States 14 years. The present constitution of the United States was 
adopted in 1789, and has since been amended. It secures to the people the grand 
principles of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the 
press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. 

The principal executive officers are the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of 
War, and of the Navy, the Postmaster General, and the Attorney General. They 
are removable at the will of the President, and, with the Vice-President, form the 
cabinet. The Department of State was created in 1789. The Secretary conducts 
the negotiations with foreign powers, and corresponds with the public ministers of 
the United States abroad, and with those of foreign states near the United States. 
He has the charge of the United States seal, preserves the originals of laws and 
treaties, and of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse between 
the United States and foreign nations ; he grants passports to American citizens 
visiting foreign countries, has the control of the patent office, and preserves the 
evidence of copy-rights. There are attached to the Department of State, a Diplo- 
matic Bureau, a Consular Bureau, a Home Bureau, and the Patent Office. 

The Treasury Department was created in 1789. The Secretary superintends 
the fiscal concerns of the government; he is required to report to Congress annu- 
ally the state of the finances, and recommends such measures as he thinks proper 
for improving the condition of the revenue. The Treasury Department comprises 
the offices of the Secretary, four Controllers, ten Auditors, the Register, the Trea- 
surer, the Solicitor of the Treasury, and the Land Office. 

As there is at present no direct taxation by the general government, the revenue 
has arisen chiefly from the customs on imports, and from the sale of the public 



27 



10 UNITED STATES. 



lands. By these means the national government was enabled, January 1st, 1837, 
not only to complete the payment of the public debt contracted during two wars 
with Great Britain ; but, after reserving $5,000,000, they were able to distribute 
to the States the sum of $37,468,859, which, by an act of June 23d, 1836, was 
deposited with them according to the number of their electoral votes, liable to be 
recalled in case of necessity, but which will probably never be recalled. The 
great expense of the Indian war in Florida, and the diminution of the customs 
in consequence of commercial embarrassments, caused the expenses of the govern- 
ment temporarily to exceed the revenue; so that a small debt was contracted, 
amounting, on December 1st, 1844, to $23,850,673.03. 

The public lands have recently been a great source of revenue. These lands 
have been ceded to the United States by the new States, or have been derived 
from the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, and of Florida in 1819. They are con- 
sidered as belonging to the native tribes of Indians who inhabit them, until the 
title has been regularly extinguished by purchase and treaty. When this is done, 
they are surveyed, and sold at $1.25 the acre, as the lowest price. This source 
of revenue is much less considerable than formerly. In 1836, it amounted to the 
large sum of $25,167,000; but it has now diminished to less than $3,000,000 
annually. The law for the distribution of the proceeds among the States has 
been repealed. The revenue of the United States for the year ending July 1st, 
1844, amounted, with a balance in the treasury at the commencement of the year, 
to $40,816,207.58, and the expenditure to $32,958,827.94; leaving a balance in 
the treasury, on the 1st of July, 1844, of $7,857,379.61. The United States have 
272,645,356 acres of public land surveyed and unsold, and much more which is 
not surveyed. 

The mint of the United States was established at Philadelphia in 1793 ; and, 
in 1838, branches were established at Charlotte, N. C, at Dahlonega, Ga., and 
at New Orleans, La. At the mint in Philadelphia, the whole coinage, from the 
commencement to the end of the year 1842, amourfted to 255,087,171 pieces, with 
a value of $85,873,052 ; at the branch of Charlotte, 162,118 pieces, with a value 
of $666,030; at the branch of Dahlonega, 178,534 pieces, with a value of $827,- 
638 ; at the branch of New Orleans, 14,179,656 pieces, with a value of $3,155,443 ; 
making a total of 269,607,479 pieces, with a total value of $90,522,163. 

On June 30th, 1844, there were 14,103 post-offices in the United States; the 
amount of transportation during the previous year was 35,409,624 miles, at a cost 
of $2,938,551. The expenditure for the year was $4,296,867.70; gross amount 
of revenue, $4,237,285.83. The General Post-Office is un^der the superintendence 
of the Postmaster-General, who has the appointment of the postmasters through- 
out the country, and the power of making contracts for carrying the mail. 

The War Department was created in 1789. To this department belongs the 
direction and government of the army of the United States, the erection of forti- 
fications, the execution of topographical surveys, and the superintendence of Indian 
affairs. Attached to it are a Bureau of Indian Affairs, Pension Bureau, Head- 
Quarters of the Army, Quarter-Master's Bureau, Subsistence Bureau, General 
Subsistence, Pay Bureau, Medical and Surgical Bureau, Engineer Bureau, Topo- 
graphical Bureau, and Ordnance Bureau. 

The Array of the United States consisted, in 1844, of 2 regiments of dragoons, 
4 of artillery, and 8 regiments of infantry, containing, at the end of the year 1844, 
8,616 men, viz., dragoons 1,298, artillery 2,340, infantry 4,456; the whole being 
under the command of one major-general, and two brigadier-generals. 

The office of the Secretary of the Navy was created in 1798. The Department 
consists of a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards, of Ordnance and Hydrography, 
of Construction, Repairs and Equipments, of Provisions and Clothing, and of 
Medicines and Surgical Instruments. 

The Navy of the United States, though on a small scale, acquired great repu- 
tation during the last three years' war, when the American ships successfully 
encountered those of the mistress of the ocean. Much has since been done, both 
in enlarging the number of vessels, and extending and constructing suitable dock- 
yards; but the naval force is not considered adequate to the exigencies of the 



■BHroaEimaaa-dfAnnni 



UNITED STATES. 



11 



country. In the year 1844 it consisted of 6 ships of the line, 1 razee, 14 frigates, 
21 sloops of war, 16 brigs and schooners, 3 store-ships, and 8 steamers, afloat. 
There are on the stocks, in an unfinished state, 4 ships of the line, 3 frigates, 1 
store-ship, an iron steamer at Pittsburg, and one at the navy-yard at Washin<non, 
to be used as a water-tank. Total, 78. ° 

There are eight navy-yards belonging to the United States, viz. : at Ports- 
mouth, N. H.; at Charlestown, in Boston harbour; at Brooklyn, on Waljabout 
Bay, opposite New York; at Philadelphia; at Washington City; at Gosport, 
opposite Norfolk, Va. ; at Pensacola, Fl. ; and at Memphis, Ten., on the Mis- 
sissippi river : the latter is not yet completed. There are graving or dry-docks 
at Charlestown and Gosport, and a third is erecting at Brooklyn. 

In its commerce, the United States is the second country on the globe, beino- 
inferior only to Great Britain. In 1840, the capital invested in foreign trade, by 
importing and commission merchants, was $119,295,367; in domestic retail dry- 
goods and other stores, $250,301,799 ; in the fisheries, $16,429,620. The regis- 
tered tonnage of the United States, for the year ending September 30th, 1842, was 
975,358; the enrolled and licensed tonnage was 1,045,753; and, of fishino- ves- 
sels, 71,278; making a total of 2,092,390. Of the registered and enrolled ton- 
nage, there were employed in the whale fishery, 157,612 tons. 

The value of the imports into the United States for the year 1844, was 
$108,434,702. The value of the exports for the same period, was $111,128,278; 
of which $100,183,497 was domestic produce. 

The United States are chiefly an agricultural people, to which they are led by 
the extent of their territory, and the fertility of the soil ; and the agricultural 
resources of the nation are becoming yearly more and more developed. The 
following agricultural statistics are derived from the census of the United States 
for 1840; There were 4,335,699 horses and mules; 14,971,586 neat cattle; 
19,311,374 sheep ; 26,301,293 swine ; poultry was raised to the value of $9,344,- 
410. There were produced, 84,823,272 bushels of wheat; 7,291,743 of buck- 
wheat; 378,531,875 of Indian corn; 18,645,567 of rye ; 4,161,504 of bailey ; 
123,071,341 of oats; 108,298,060 of potatoes; 35,802,114 pounds of wool; 
219,163,319 of tobacco; 80,841,422 of rice; 790,479,270 of cotton ; 155,100,809 
of sugar; 1,238,502 of hops; 622,303 of wax; 61,552 of silk cocoons; 10,248,108 
tons of hay ; 95,251 of hemp and flax. There were 29^ bushels of edible grains, 
exclusive of potatoes, to every individual of its population. The products of the 
dairy were valued at $33,787,008; of the orchard, at $7,256,904; of lumber, at 
$12,943,507. And there were also made, 124,734 gallons of wine. 

The manufactures of the United States, though not equal to its agriculture and 
commerce, and of recent origin, have already risen to great respectability. A 
large amount of property has been invested in them, machinery has been exten- 
sively introduced, and they supply a great amount of articles for home consump- 
tion, and, already, considerable for exportation. No country in the world can 
compete with the United States in the article of coarse cotton goods, neither as 
to quality nor price. Cottons which, in 1812, were worth 25 cents a-yard, can 
now be bought, of a better quality, for 8 cents. And, even in the finer quality 
of goods, great advancement has been made. It is only since the peace of 1815 
that manufactures have made great progess, though they were commenced in Rhode 
Island many years before, and had made some advances. It was the policy of 
the British government, before the revolution, to discourage American manufac- 
tures, and thus to keep the country in a state of great dependence. But that has 
gone by ; and, should events ever cut oif a supply of British manufactures, the 
country would be ablejo do without them. Unless Great Britain and other coun- 
tries shall consent, in a fair way, to receive American bread-stufl^s in excliange 
for their manufactures, the Americans will be compelled to become their own 
manufacturers, and they will thus secure their substantial independence. 

Home-made or family goods were produced, in the year 1840, to the amount of 
$29,023,380. There were 1240 cotton factories, with 2,284,631 spindles, which 
employed 72,119 persons, and produced articles to the amount of $46,350,453, with 
a capital of $51,102,359. 1420 woollen manufactories employed 21,342 persons, 



12 UNITED STATES. 



producing goods to the amount of $20,696,999, with a capital of $15,765,124 ; 426 
paper-mills employed a capital of $4,745,239 ; hats and caps were manufactured 
to the amount of $8,704,342, and straw bonnets to the amount of $1,476,504; 
20,018 persons were employed in tanneries, with a capital of $15,650,929 ; sad- 
dleries, and other manufactories of leathei;, employed a capital of $12,881,262; 
carriages and wagons employed 21,994 persons, and produced to the amount of 
$10,897,887, with a capital of $5,551,632; mills of various kinds employed 
60,788 persons, and produced to the amount of $76,545,246, with a capital of 
$65,858,470; vessels were built to the amount of $7,016,094; furniture was 
made by 18,003 persons, and employed a capital of $6,989,971. There were 
1552 printing-offices, 447 binderies, 138 daily, 125 semi-weekly or tri-weekly, 
and 1141 weekly newspapers, and 227 periodicals; the whole employing 11,523 
persons, and a capital of $5,874,815. Iron manufactures employed a capital of 
$20,432,131, and 30,497 persons; glass manufactures employed 3236 persons, 
and a capital of $2,084,100, producing articles to the amount of $2,890,393. The 
anthracite coal employed a capital of $4,355,602, and 3043 persons ; bituminous 
coal, a capital of $1,868,863, and 3768 persons ; and lead, a capital of $1,346,756, 
and 1017 persons. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was 
$267,726,579. For a more particular account of the manufactures, see the articles 
on the respective States. 

The whale, cod, mackerel and other fisheries have long been an interest of great 
national importance. They are carried on chiefly from the New England States, 
and in New England ships. The whale-fishery is prosecuted in the Atlantic 
ocean, chiefly south of the line, for the right or black whale ; and in the Southern, 
Indian, and Pacific oceans, for the spermaceti whale. In the year 1841, 600 ves- 
sels, of 193,000 tons, were employed in this business; and, in the course of the 
same year, spermaceti and whale oil was brought home, of the value of about 
$7,400,000. Seal oil and furs are also obtained in the Antarctic seas by these 
adventurous seamen. The fishery is carried on chiefly from the ports of Nan- 
tucket and New Bedford, and also, but on a less scale, from New London, Sag 
Harbour, Warren, Bristol, Hudson, &c. About 16,000 men are engaged in it, 
and the seamen are paid, not by fixed wages, but by a certain share in the profits 
of the voyage. Those in the Pacific and Southern oceans are generally absent 
from two to three years at a time. The cod-fishery is pursued on the banks and 
coasts of Newfoundland, and on the Labrador coasts. It employs many thousands 
of tons of small craft, some of which make several trips a year ; those on the 
coast-fisheries generally remain longer. The mackerel-fishery also employs a 
great amount of shipping. In 1840 the fisheries produced 773,967 quintals of 
smoked or dried fish, and 472,359^ barrels of pickled fish. 

No part of the world presents such an extensive river commerce. Steam-ves- 
sels, first introduced in America on the Hudson river, ply on all the principal 
streams; and upwards of 100,000 tons of this species of craft belongs to the 
United States, almost the whole of which is on the interior waters. The Missis- 
sippi and its tributaries, comprising alone an extent of 8000 miles, is traversed by 
250 steamboats. Neither the States nor individuals have been slow in improving 
and extending these natural advantages ; and the spirit with which they have 
undertaken, and the perseverance they have shown in executing the most magni- 
ficent plans, have shed a lustre on the American name. The great land-locked 
bays of the coast have been connected by a chain of canals, affording a safe 
internal water-route from Narragansett Bay to Albemarle Sound. The eastern 
and western waters have been united by several channels, which either turn the 
Alleghanies, or surmount their summits. The waters of the lakes and the Mis- 
sissippi have been connected at various points, and the obstacles in the navigation 
of the most important rivers have been overcome by removing the bars or ledges 
which obstructed their channels, or by side-cuts, locks, and dams. The whole 
length of this artificial navigation is not less than 4000 miles; all of which, with 
one or two trifling exceptions, has been executed in the short space of twenty-five 
years. These great works have already given fresh life to manufactures, and 
encouraged the establishment of new ones ; invigorated, and in many places 



H - ■ ^g?^?y"" I . 

UNITED STATES. 13 



created, internal trade; promoted agriculture, which requires a cheap and easy 
transportation for the hulky articles which it consumes and produces; and deve- 
loped, in an astonishing degree, the mining industry of the country. 

The Americans have equally surpassed all other people in the number and 
extent of their rail-roads, having, in about fifteen years, constructed 4500 miles 
of these artificial levels, over which carriages are propelled by locomotive steam- 
engines at the rate of from 20 to 30 miles an hour. Although this contrivance is 
less adapted than canals to the conveyance of bulky artfcles, yet it possesses 
some advantages over that mode of transport, such as that of not being interrupted 
by ice, and of being suited to certain localities in which, artificial water commu- 
nication would be impracticable. 

The people of the United States, from the first settlement of the country, have 
been very attentive to the cause of popular education, and this cause is continually 
gaining a stronger -hold on the community. It is recommended by all the gover- 
nors of the States, in their annual messages to their respective Legislatures. 
Most of the older States have respectable funds devoted to the support of common 
schools, and, ih the new States, the general government have provided funds for 
the support of schools, by setting apart one 36th section in each township, con- 
taining each one square mile, for the purposes of common education. The amount 
of land already set apart for educational purposes, east of the Mississippi, is com- 
puted to amount to 8,000,000 of acres. The same spirit is also extendino- west 
of the Mississippi, and has penetrated even to the Indian tribes ; and the Choctaw 
nation has applied $18,000 per annum out of the moneys which they receive from 
the United States, to the support of schools. Knowledge and virtue are reo-arded 
as the main pillars of the republic. In less than twenty years from the landino- 
at the rock of Plymouth, Cambridge College was founded, and numerous simila*r 
institutions have been successively established, from that day to this. 

The following are among the principal colleges and universities in the country, 
with the date of their establishment: Cambridge College, now Harvard Univer- 
sity, in 1638; Yale College, at New Haven, in 1700; Nassau Hall, or Colleg-e 
of New Jersey, at Princeton, in 1746; Brown University, at Providence, in 
1764; Dartmouth College, at Hanover, New Hampshire, 1769; the University 
of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, in 1739; Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, 
Maine, in 1794 : and, among the more recent institutions, the University of Nash- 
ville, Tennessee, in 1806; the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, in 1819- 
Amherst College, at Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1821 ; and many others. Per- 
haps, if fewer institutions had been chartered, and they had been more liberally 
endowed, the beneficial results would have been greater, though the number edu- 
cated would probably have been less. 

According to the census of 1840, there were in the United States 173 colleo-es 
or universities, with 16,233 students ; 3242 academies, with 164,159 students' 
47,209 common and primary schools, with 1,845,244 scholars. In the above 
enumeration, theological and medical schools, where they are separate from col- 
leges, are ranked among universities and colleges. In the academies, the ancient 
and modern languages, grammar, history, logic, rhetoric, natural and moral phi- 
losophy, &c., are taught. The common schools are extensively provided with 
libraries, and appropriate apparatus for illustrating the sciences taught in 
them. ° 

There are 38 theological seminaries, belonging to different denominations, 
designed to succeed a collegiate course; some of which are connected with col- 
leges. The principal of them are the theological seminary at Andover, Mass , 
Congregational; the theological seminary at Princeton, Presbyterian ; the theo- 
logical seminary at Auburn, Presbyterian; the theological seminary of the Epis- 
copal Church, New York, Protestant Episcopal; the theological institution at 
Newtown, Massachusetts, Baptist; and the theological departments of Yale 
College and Harvard University. 

There are eight law schools in different parts of the country. The earliest 
institution of this kind was founded in 1798, by the Hon. Tapping Reeve, and 
taught afterward by him in connection with the Hon. .Tames Gould, both judges 



14 UNITED STATES. 



of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. At this institution, many of the principal 
civilians in the United States have been educated. It is now discontinued. 

There are 28 medical schools, some of them connected with colleges. The 
principal are the medical departments of the University of Pennsylvania ; of 
Harvard University; of Yale College; of Dartmouth College; of Transylvania 
University; of the University of Rlaryland, at Baltimore; of the University of 
New York ; the College of Surgeons and Physicians, New York ; the Louisville 
Medical Institution ; the Vermont Academy of Medicine, at Castleton, &c. 

There is no established church in the United States, religion being left to the 
voluntary choice of the people. No sect is favoured by the laws beyond another, 
it being an essential principle in the National and State governments, that legisla- 
tion may of right interfere in the concerns of public worship only so far as to pro- 
tect every individual in the unmolested exercise of that of his choice. Nor is any 
legislative provision made for the support of religion, except that, in Massachu- 
setts, the Legislature is enjoined to require, and in New Hampshire is empowered 
to authorize, the several towns and parishes to make adequate provision, at their 
own expense, for the support of protestant ministers. The same was the case in 
Connecticut until 1818, when it was abolished by the new constitution. But, in 
all the other States, the support of religion is left entirely to the voluntary zeal of 
its professors. 

The numbers of established churches, or congregations, are estimated at over 
20,000, and the ministers at about 25,000. The Baptists are the most numerous 
denomination. The Methodists are reckoned as second in numerical amount ; 
and the Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Uni- 
versalists and Lutherans, probably rank, in point of numbers, in the order in which 
they are mentioned. Other sects, respectable in amount of numbers, are the 
Dutch Reformed, Christians, Unitarians, Friends or Quakers, Moravians, &c. 
In fact, almost all the sects of Christianity are represented in our country. 

To the State governments is committed that branch of legislation which relates 
to the regulation of local concerns. These bodies make and alter the laws which 
regard property and private rights, appoint judges and civil officers, impose taxes 
for State purposes, and exercise all other rights and powers not vested in the 
federal government by positive enactment. ITiey are, in their composition, very 
similar to the federal government. The legislature consists always of two 
branches, both of which are returned by the same electors ; and these electors may 
be said to comprise the whole adult white population, the usual qualifications being 
citizenship, with one or two years' residence, and payment of taxes. 

There are no early enumerations of the population on which much reliance can 
be placed ; but, in 1753, the number was estimated at 1,051,000. A regular 
decennial census, taken since 1790, gave, at that period, 3,929,827; in 1800, 
5,305,93ij ; in 1810, 7,239,814 ; in 1820, 9,638,131. It is iTiost interesting to con- 
sider> as the immensity of unoccupied land leaves full scope for this power of 
multiplication, how vast the future numbers may be with which this region will 
be peopled, and which will render it much the greatest state thai ever existed in 
ancient or modern times. It is calculated, upon good grounds, that in a century 
it will contain 160,000,000; and still, being only half so densely peopled as 
Britain or France, leave ample scope for future increase. The Americans, should 
they continue united, would then become the greatest nation in the world, and the 
most powerful States of Europe would rank as secondary to them. 

The population, exclusive of the Indians, whose numbers are not comprised 
in the above statements, consists of three classes — whites, free coloured persons, 
and slaves — whose relative proportions at six different periods are here given : 

Whites. Slaves. Free coloured. 

1790 3,172,464 697,897 59,465 

1800 4,304,489 893,041 108,395 

1810 5,862,004 1,191,364 186,446 

• .1820 7,861,710 1,538,038 232,524 

1830 10,526,248 2,009,043 319,599 

1840 14,189,705 2,487,355 336,293 



UNITED STATES. 



15 



In regard to these numbers, it is to be observed, that in the census of 1790 are 
not included the inhabitants of the Mississippi and North-west Territories, esti- 
mated at about 12,000 ; and that, between 1800 and 1810, Louisiana was acquired 
with about 50,000 inhabitants ; and 39,000 Africans were brought into the coun- 
try. Ihe toliowing statement shows the relative rate of increase of the whole 
population, and of each of the three classes, in the three periods from 1810 to 
1820, from 1820 to 1830, and from 1830 to 1840 : 

1810-1820. 1820-1830. 1830-1840. 

Increase of whole population. . . .33.3 per ct 33.4 per ct 30 per ct 

Whites 34 ..« 33.9.." 35 " 

blaves 28.6.." 30.6.." 21 " 

Free Blacks 24.8.." 37.4.. " 23.75" 

Blacks 28.5.. " 31.5.. " 23 " 



Maine.. 
N. H.... 
Verni't . 
Mass.. .. 

K. I 

Conn. . . 
N. York 
N. Jer. 
Penn'a 

Del 

MaryPd 

D. ofC. 

Virginia 

N. Car. 

S. Car. 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alab'ma 

Miss'ppi 

Louis'a 

Ten'see 

Kent'y 

Ohio ... 

Indiana 

Illinois , 

Missouri 

Michg'n 

Arkan's 

Iowa .. . 

Wis. T. 

U. S. N. 



Total. 



151 ,7 W 

183,762 
154,465 
423,245 

69,122 
251,002 
586,786 
211,949 
602,365 

64,273 
341,548 

14,093 
880,200 
478,103 
345,591 
162,101 



8,850 



Totals. 



105,602 

220,955 

45,365 

4,875 



381 

951 

20,343 

12,422 

1,700 

6,153 

105,C,35 

3,244 

345,796 

133,290 

146,151 

59,404 



Total. 



288,705 
214,360 
217,713 
472,040 

77,031 
262,042 
959,949 
249,555 
810,091 

72,674 
380,546 

24,023 
974,622 
555,500 
415,115 
252,433 



3,489 



13,584 
40,343 



135 



40,352 

76,556 

261,727 

406,511 

230,700 

24,520 

12,282 

20,845 

4,762 



103 

310 

15,107 

10,851 

795 

4,177 

111,502 

5,395 

392,518 

168,824 

196,365 

105,218 



17,088 

34,660 
44,535 
80,561 



298,335 
244,161 
235,764 
523,287 
83,059 
275,202 

1,372,812 
277,575 

1,049,458 

72,749 

407,350 

33,036 

1,065,379 
63f1,829 
502,741 
340,987 



237 

1681 

3,011 

24 



127,901 

75,448 

153,40' 

422,813 

564,317 

581,434 

147,178 

55,211 

66,580 

8,896 

14,273 



48 

97 

10,088 

7,557 

211 

4,509 

107,398 

6,377 

425,153 

205,017 

258,475 

149,650 



Total. 



41,879 
32,814 
69,064 
80,107 
126,732 



190 

917 

10,22-2 



1,617 



399,955 
269,328 
280,652 
610,408 

97,199 

297,665 

1,918,608 

320,823 

1,348,238 

76.748 
447,040 

39,834 

1,211,405 

737,987 

581,185 

516,823 

34,730 
309,527 
136,621 
215,739 
681,904 
687,917 
937,903 
343,031 
157,445 
140,455 
36,629 
30,388 



14 

25 

76 

2,254 

403 

3,292 

102,994 

6,119 

469,757 

247,001 

315,401 

2I7,.531 

15,501 

117,549 

65,659 

109,588 

141,003 

165,213 



535,925(893.041 7,239,814|l,191.364 9.038,131 ll,538,Q38 12.866.020 ^^^^2 ^^6^3 



25.081 
4,576 



501,973 

284,574 
291,948 
737,699 
108,830 
309,978 

2,428,921 
373,306 

1,724,033 

78,085 

470,019 

43,712 

1,239,797 
753,419 
594,398 
691,392 
54,4 
590,750 
375,651 
352,411 
829,210 
779,82.H 

1,519 467 

685,866 

476,183 

383,702 

212,267 

97,574 

43,112 

30,945 

6,100 



5 

17 

4 

674 

64 

2 605 

89,737 

4,694 

448,987 

245,817 

327,036 

280.944 

25,717 

253,532 

195,21] 

168,452 

183,059 

182,258 

3 

3 

331 

58,240 



19,935 



2,487.355 



^^€5, ^c. of the differetU Classes of the Population in 1840. 



PatEE VVKtTE POPDtATION. 



Under 5 years of ase 
Of 5 to 18 

10 to 15 

l,j to 20 

20 to .-JO 

30 to 40 

40 to 50 

50 to 60 

00 to 70 

70 to 80 

80 to 90 

90 to 100 



I'pwards of 100. 



Malea. 

1,270,743 

1,024,050 

897,530 

756,100 

1,322.453 

860,452 

536,6(10 

314,528 

174,2.'?8 

80,067 

21,677 

2,508 

476 



Totals 7,249.276 6,939,942 



1,20.3,319 

9fi<),940 

830,630 

792,223 

1,253,490 

77iM20 

r 02, 183 

304,852 

173,3211 

80,565 

23,902 

3,232 

316 



COLOtTRED POPULATION. 



Under 10 

Of 10 to 24... 

24 to 36... 

36 to 55... 

55 to 100... 
Upwards of 100. 



Totals. . 



Free MalM. Free Females Male Stavei. Female Slarea 



56,284 
52,805 
35,321 

28,274 
13,513 

284 



186.457 



55,062 
50,592 
41,682 
.30,371 
15,753 
302 



199,778 



422,584 
391,260 
235,380 
145.200 
51,331 
750 



421,465 
3)0,117 

239,825 

139,204 

49,746 

581 



1,246,408 1,240,705 



. InaaHe and Idiota. Blind. 

Whites 14,508 5 024. 

Blacks 2,926 l'892. 



Deaf aod Damb. 

. . . .6,682 
.... 977 



Totals.... 17,434 6,616 7,659 

Revolutionary and militarv pensioners 20 797 

Whites over 20 unable to read and write 549',693 



16 UNITED STATES. 



The whole number of aborigines existing within the territorial jurisdiction of 
the United States, was estimated in 1844 at 335,350; of whom perhaps 50,000 
reside in the Oregon territory, west of the Rocky Mountains, and the residue east 
of tliat region. Of those on the Atlantic side of the Mississippi river, 85,348 
have removed from its eastern to its western bank, and settled in the Western or 
Indian territory, assigned to them by the government of the United States ; and 
31,587 are still east of that stream. Of the Indians residing east of the Rocky 
Mountains and west of the Mississippi, 168,290 are indigenous to that region, 
nowise under the control of our government : of these, the principal are the Sioux, 
Pawnees, Camanches, Minatarees, Blackfeet, Crows, Gros Ventres, and Assini- 
boines. The most humane exertions have constantly been in operation, on the 
part of the general government, to preserve the race from extinction, by severe 
provisions to prevent their obtaining ardent spirits, and by unwearied efforts to 
train them to the arts and agriculture, and to impart to them the blessings of edu- 
cation and Christianity. Under the system adopted by the government, agents 
and sub-agents, interpreters and mechanics, are employed among the different 
Indian tribes, to carry these purposes into effect; and the President is authorized 
to cause the stores of the licensed traders to be searched, and, if ardent spirits 
are found among the articles for sale, the whole goods are forfeited to the govern- 
ment. 

The whole number of Indian schools established among them, partly by chari- 
table associations of the different religious denominations, and partly by pecuniary 
aid from the government, is 78. The sum of $10,000 was appropriated in 1844, 
by the U. S. government, to assist in their maintenance. Of the foregoing 
schools, 63 were reported in 1844, with 2667 scholars and 100 teachers, including 
those in the Spencer academy and Fort CofTee academy, in the Choctaw nation ; 
the first of these contained 3 teachers and 110 pupils, and the latter, 1 teacher 
and 36 pupils. Two of the schools at Fort Leavenworth are manual labour 
schools, one of which, under the direction of the Methodists, is the largest of all 
the Indian schools, containing 159 scholars. 

The territory of the confederacy is at present divided into twenty-eight States, 
one Territory, and one Federal District, which contains the seat of government. 
This does not include the extensive tract assigned to the Indians, called the West- 
ern Territory ; the region west of the Missouri and north of the Platte ; and the 
residue of the late Iowa Territory, of which the State of Iowa now forms a part; 
and that west of the Rocky Mountains, in which the white population is yet of 
small amount, and which has received no political organization. The States 
are divided, for municipal purposes, into sections, styled counties; except in 
South Carolina, where they are called districts; and in Louisiana, where they are 
called parishes. In the States of New England, in New York, Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana and Michigan, the counties are subdivided into town- 
ships (in some States these are called towns), and in Delaware into hundreds. 



THE EASTERN, or NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

New England comprises the six States situated east of the Hudson, viz., 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. 
The inhabitants are almost exclusively of unmixed English origin, and, though 
never united as a political whole, they have at different periods been connected 
for their common interests. From the earliest settlement of their country, they 
have enjoyed peculiar advantages for literary and religious instruction, and, 
trained to habits of industry, economy, and enterprise, by the circumstances of 
their peculiar situation, as well as by the dangers of prolonged wars, they present 
traits of character which are considered as remarkable abroad, as they are common 
at home. 

The surface of the country is infinitely varied. In the interior it is mountain- 
ous, with fertile valleys between. The land along the sea-shore presents in ge- 
neral an irregular surface, consisting of hills and ridges, with flats of moderate 
extent. The inland portion towards the mountains presents an almost constant sue- 



r 



UNITED STATES. 



cession of short hills and narrow valleys. There are no extensive plains through- 
out the whole of New England. Much of the soil is good, yet in general it re- 
quires diligent cultivation, and compels the farmer to use great industry to pro- 
cure tolerable crops ; and although it well repays the labour of the husbandman, 
it is on the whole less fruitful than many other parts of the United States. 

Most of the New England States are largely engaged in manufactures. The 
different establishments of various kinds are too numerous to specify. The cotton 
factories, in particular, employ a vast number of hands and a great amount of 
capital. A proof of the result of these great establishments may be found in the 
fact that twenty-five years ago the chief cottons of the United States were im- 
ported from India. New England now sends her manufactured cottons there, and 
finds the trade profitable. Since the manufacturing system has prevailed, this 
part of the Union has rapidly increased in population and business. 

The New Englanders are extensively engaged in the Bank and whale fisheries. 
This pursuit employs many thousands of hands, furnishes one of the most impor- 
tant items in this section of the United States, and trains vast numbers of the most 
experienced and intrepid mariners in the world. 

An active commerce is carried on from the ports of New England with all 
parts of the world ; their ships spread their sails in every sea, and her lumber 
manufactures and the produce of her fisheries are extensively exported. Almost 
every village carries on some handicraft, and the farmer often employs the long 
winter evenings in some gainful task. Thus are produced many little objects 
which although in appearance of small value, yet in the aggregate constitute a 
source of considerable wealth to the community, and are produced to such an ex- 
tent as almost to rival in value the products of the large manufacturing establish- 
ments. 

From the first settlement of the country, the inhabitants of New England have 
been a religious people. The entire freedom of opinion enjoyed by them has led 
to a diversity of religious denominations. In almost every town and village are 
several places of public worship belonging to the different sects common in the 
country, among which are Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, 
Unitarians, &c. It is disreputable for a man to have no religious belief, and there 
are few who do not give their support to some one mode of religious worship. 
The sabbath is strictly observed, and the people generally attend public worship 
twice during the day. 

Education is more universal here than in any part of the world. It is exceed- 
ingly hard to find persons of mature age who have not been instructed in the 
common branches of school learning. Institutions of learning and education were 
established at an early period by the first settlers of New England, some of which 
at the present day are the most respectable and efficient in the Union. A large 
part of the distinguished men of the United States have been educated at Har- 
vard and Yale colleges, and though there are many similar institutions in other 
States, still many students from the south and west are annually taught in the 
colleges of New England. 

The population of New England has been gradually increasing. In 1700 it 
was about 120,000, and in 1755 was estimated at 345,000, not including the troops 
at that time in the provinces. The amount in 1820 was 1,659,854; in 1830, 
1,954,G09; and, in 1840, 2,235,002; of which number 23 were slaves. 



STATE OF MAINE. 



Maine is the most northern and eastern of the United States. Previous to the 
year 1820, it formed a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, at which 
period it was received into the Union as an independent State. Maine is in length 
from north to south about 216 miles, and from east to west 162; the area is differ- 
ently estimated at from 32,000 to 35,000 square miles. On the sea-coast, the 
country is generally level ; at some distance in the interior, hilly ; and in the cen- 

I tral parts of the State are many mountains of considerable elevation. 

i —L _ == 



28 



18 



UNITED STATES. 



The principal rivers are the St. Johns, with its branches, the Allagash, Wal- 
loostook, and the Aroostook; with the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, 
Saco, Pleasant, Damariscotta, and Union rivers. 

, The sea-coast of Maine is remarkably indented with bays and inlets, which 
afford great facilities for navigation and commerce. The principal are Casco, 
Penobscot, Frenchman's, Englishman's, Machias, and Passamaquoddy Bays. 

The lakes are so numerous, that it is estimated one-sixth of the surface of the 
State consists of water, and indeed they form one of the characteristic features of 
the country. Some of them are remarkable for their picturesque beauties, and 
many of them will no doubt be useful mediums of communication when their 
vicinity is more populous. The most noted are Moosehead, Umbagog, Sebago, 
the Schoodic Lakes, and Lake Chesuncook. 

The soil on the coast is various, and of but moderate fertility : in the interior, 
most of the land is more productive, and some of it, especially on the Kennebec 
and Penobscot river, is fertile, and well adapted to agriculture and grazing. One 
of the most important productions of this State is white-pine timber, which is 
found chiefly on the Upper Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, and also on the Alla- 
gash. As there is no other tract of country yielding this lumber to any considera- 
ble extent in the Atlantic States, the lands producing it have lately much advanced 
in price. 

The population in 1790 was 96,540; in 1800, 151,719; in 1810, 228,705; in 
1820, 298,335; in 1830, 399,955 ; and in 1840,501,793. Of these, 252,989 were 
white males, and 247,449 white females ; 720 were coloured males, and 635 coloured 
females. Employed in agriculture, 101,630; in commerce, 2921; in manufac- 
tures and trades, 21,879; in navigating the ocean, 10,091 ; in the learned profes- 
sions, 1889. 

According to the census of 1840, there were in the State 59,208 horses or mules ; 
227,255 neat cattle; 649,264 sheep; 117,386 swine. There were produced, 
248,166 bushels of wheat; 137,941 of rye; 950,528 of Indian corn; 355,161 of 
barley ; 1,076,409 of oats ; 10,392,380 of potatoes ; and 601,358 tons of hay. The 
products of the dairy amounted to $1,496,902, and of lumber to $1,808,683. 

The exports of Maine, for the year ending September 1841, were $1,078,633, 
and the imports $700,961. There were, in 1840, 70 commercial and 14 commis- 
sion houses in foreign trade, employing a capital of $1,646,926 ; 2220 retail 
dry-goods and other stores, with a capital of $3,973,593 ; 2068 persons employed 
in the lumber trade, with a capital of $305,850. 

The manufactures of Maine are considerable. Home-made or family manufac- 
tures amounted, in 1840, to $804,397 ; there were 24 woollen manufactories, 
which employed 532 individuals, producing goods to the amount of $412,366, 
with a capital of $316,105 ; 6 cotton manufactories produced goods to the amount 
of $970,397, with a capital of $1,398,000. Flouring, grist, saw and other mills, 
employed 3630 persons, and produced to the amount of $3,161,592, with a capital 
of $2,900,565. Ships were built to the amount of $1,884,902; 3610 persons 
were employed in the fisheries, with a capital of $526,957. Total amount of 
capital employed in manufactures, $7,147,224. 

The principal colleges in Maine are Bowdoin, at Brunswick, founded in 1794 ; 
Waterville College, at Waterville, founded 1820 ; Bangor Theological Seminary, 
at Bangor, founded 1816; Wesleyan Seminary, at Readfield, founded 1822. 
These institutions had, in 1840, 266 students. There were in the State 86 acade- 
mies, with 8477 students; 3385 common and primary schools, with 164,477 
scholars. There were 3241 persons, over twenty years of age, who could neither 
read nor write. 

The principal religious denominations are the Methodists, Baptists, and Con- 
gregationalists. The Baptists had, in 1836, 222 churches, 145 ordained minis- 
ters, and 15,000 communicants; the Methodists, 115 travelling preachers, and 
15,493 communicants; the Congregationalists, 161 churches, 119 ministers, and 
12,370 communicants. There are also some Free-will Baptists, Friends, Episco- 
palians, Unitarians, Universal ists, and Roman Catholics. 

The chief works of internal improvement are the Cumberland and Oxford 



MAINE. 



19 



Canal, completed in 1829, 20^ miles long; Bangor and Orono Railroad, com- 
pleted in 1836, 10 miles long ; the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Rail-road, 
incorporated in 1837. This work, in connection with the Eastern Rail-road, con- 
nects Boston with Portland; it was completed in 1842. Several other lines of 
rail-roads are contemplated, the most important of which is a rail-road from Port- 
land to Quebec. or 

The city of Portland is the largest and most important place in the State. It 
is beautifully situated on Casco Bay, is well laid out and handsomely built, and 
has a capacious harbour, which is defended by two forts. Here are six banks, 
sixteen churches, a court-house, city hall, custom-house, jail, athenaeum, with a 
public library containing 5000 volumes. The population, in 1840, was 15,218. 
The city of Bangor, the most important place on the Penobscot, has trebled its 
population since 1830; in 1840 it contained 8627 inhabitants. From 300 to 400 
million feet of lumber are said to be annually exported from this place. 

Augusta, the capital of the State, occupies both sides of the Kennebec river, 
50 miles from its mouth : it contains a handsome State-house of granite, and an 
United States Arsenal. Below Augusta are Hallowell and Gardiner, both flourish- 
ing towns; and at the head of ship navigation, and about 15 miles from the sea, 
is Bath, noted for its ship-building. From Thomaston is exported large quantities 
of lime, marble, and granite. Some of the other principal towns in Maine, are 
Eastport, Machias, Calais, Orono, Belfast, Brunswick, Saco, and York. 



STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

This State is bounded on the north by Lower Canada; on the east, by Maine 
and the Atlantic Ocean ; south by Massachushetts ; and west by Vermont. It is 
in length, from north to south, about 160 miles; and from east to west, 70 is 
about the average breadth. It is, in area, 8500 square miles. The sea-coast of 
this State, from Piscataqua Harbor to the south boundary, is but 18 miles in 

extent. , j- ■ 

The country on the coast is level : in the interior, the surface is greatly diversi- 
fied by hills and valleys, and contains several mountains of considerable height; 
among which are the White Mountains, the most elevated of any in the New 
England States. The other considerable elevations are, Moosehillock, Monad- 
nock, Kearsarge, Sunipee, Ossipee, &c. 

The White Mountains are distinguished by the names of Washington, Frank- 
lin, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Pleasant. Mount Washington is 
6,428 feet in height. They are covered with snow ten months in the year, and 
are often seen from a great distance at sea, and frequently before any intermediate 
land, although they are at least 65 miles in the nearest direction from the coast. 
The wild and sublime character of their scenery causes them to be annually 
visited by numerous travellers. The ascent to their summits is attended with 
considerable fatigue, but has been surmounted in a few instances by ladies. The 
view is rendered uncommonly grand and picturesque by the magnitude of the 
elevation, the extent and variety of the surrounding scenery, and, above all, by 
the huge and desolate piles of rocks extending to a great distance in every direc- 
tion. In the western pass of these mountains, there is a remarkable gap, called 
the Nutc/u, which is esteemed one of the grandest natural curiosities in the United 
States. To an admirer of the wonders of nature, the passage through the Notch, 
and the views from the summit, afford a rich repast. Though inferior to the 
Andes or the Alps in elevation, yet they display the grandest mountain scenery, 
surpassing everything of the kind to be seen elsewhere in this country. 

The principal riveTS of New England have their origin, either wholly or in 
part, in this State. These are, the Connecticut, Merrimack, Androscoggin, Saco, 
and Piscataqua. The other most considerable streams are, the Upper and Lower 
Amonoosuck, Sugar River, Ashuelot, Contoocook, Magallaway, and Nashua. 
The principal lakes are the Winnipiseogee, Umbagog, Ossipee, Sunapee, Squam, 
and Newfound Lake. 

14 



20 



UNITED STATES. 






The inhabitants of New Hampshire are principally engaged in agriculture ; the 
chief products are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c. ; and horses and 
cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c., are largely exported. There are some large 
manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the State. 

The mineral resources of New Hampshire are not great. Copper is found at 
Franconia, and iron is abundant in Lisbon and Franconia; plumbago or black 
lead also occurs in several places, particularly at Bristol. A fine-grained granite, 
which is quarried in many places, affords an excellent building material. The 
forest affords abundance of excellent timber, and the white pine sometimes 
attains the height of 200 feet, with a straight trunk six feet and upv/ards in 
diameter. 

About eight miles from the coast are the Isles of Shoals, belonging partly to 
New Hampshire, and partly to Maine. They lie between Portsmouth and New- 
buryport, and are hardly more than a cluster of shoals rising above the water. 
The inhabitants are about 100 in number; they live solely by fishing, and sup- 
ply Portsmouth and the neighbouring towns with fresh fish. 

The population of New Hampshire, in 1790, was 111,855; in 1800, 183,858; 
in 1810,214,460; in 1820,244,161; in 1830,209,328; and in 1840, 284,574. 
Of these, 139,004 were white males, and 145,032 white females; 248 were 
coloured males, and 290 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 77,949 ; 
in commerce, 1379 ; in manufactures and trades, 17,826 ; in navigating the ocean, 
455; do. lakes, rivers and canals, 198; in the learned professions, 1640. 

The exports for the year 1841 were $10,384, and the imports $73,701. The 
tonnage entered was 11,129, cleared 3805 tons. 

In 1840 there were 43,892 horses or mules, 275,562 neat cattle, 617,390 sheep, 
and 121,671 swine. There were produced, 422,124 bushels of wheat; 308,148 of 
rye; 105,103 of buckwheat; 1,162,572 of Indian corn; 121,899 of barley; 
1,296,114 of oats; and 0,206,606 of potatoes; 1,260,517 pounds of wool ; 1,162,368 
of sugar; and 496,107 tons of hay. The produce of the dairy was $1,638,543 ; 
of lumber, $433,217. 

Home-made or family goods were manufactured to the amount of $538,303. 
There were 66 woollen manufactories, 152 fulling-mills, and 58 cotton factories. 
The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $9,252,448. 

The principal literary institution of the State is Dartmouth College, in Hano- 
ver, founded in 1770; to which is attached a flourishing medical department. 
The Gilmanton Theological Seminar)' was founded in 1835, under the direction 
of the Congregationalists. In these institutions there were, in 1840, 433 students. 
There were in the State 68 academies, with 5799 students; 2127 common and 
primary schools, with 82,632 scholars. There were 942 white persons, over 
twenty years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

The principal religious denominations are the Congregationalists, Baptists, and 
Methodists. In 1836, the Congregationalists had 159 churches, 142 ministers, 
and 18,932 communicants; the Baptists had 90 churches, 64 ordained ministers, 
and 6505 communicants ; the Free-will Baptists had 100 congregations, and 81 
ministers ; the Methodists had 75 ministers. Besides these, there are Presbyte- 
rians, Unitarians, Episcopalians, Universalists, and some Roman Catholics, with 
two societies of Shakers. 

Portsmouth, the only sea-port, and the largest town in the State, is pleasantly 
situated on the Piscataqua, three miles from the sea. It has one of the finest 
harbours in the world, aflTording 40 feet of water in the channel at low tide, and 
being easily accessible to vessels of the largest size, and completely landlocked. 
It is protected by several forts. The tide rises ten feet. The town stands on a 
peninsular elevation, sloping towards the harbour, and is well built. It contains 
seven churches, seven banks, the county buildings, &c., and is well supplied 
with good water brought from the neighbourhood. Two wooden bridges have 
been built across the Piscataqua, one of which is 1750 feet long. There is here 
a navy-yard belonging to the United States, situated on Navy Island, on the east 
side of the river, but within the limits of Maine. Population in 1840, 7887 ; 
being 195 less than in 1830. 



I 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 21 



Concord, the capital of the State, on the west side of the Merrimack river, is 
handsomely built on two principal streets ; has the State-house and State prison 
of granite, besides banks, churches, hotels, &c. ; population, 4897. In the south- 
east part of the State, are several towns largely engaged in manufactures ; these 
are, Dover, Somersworth, Newmarket and Exeter ; the latter, besides its mills and 
manufactures, contains Phillip's Academy, a well-known and respectable semi- 
nary. These are all on navigable rivers, furnishing fine mill-seats, and constant 
communication with the sea. Nashua, near the south line of the State, contains 
several large cotton-mills ; population in 1840, 6054. Hanover and Haverhill are 
towns of between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants each. Amherst and Keene are 
neat and thriving towns between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers. Man- 
chester, on the former, is a manufacturing town, with 3235 inhabitants. 



STATE OF VERMONT. 



Vermont is bounded N. by Lower Canada; E. by New Hampshire; S. by 
Massachusetts; W. by New York; from which it is separated, in part, by Lake 
Champlain. It is 157 miles in length, from north to south ; 90 miles in breadth 
on the northern, and 40 on the southern boundary; and contains an area of 10,212 
square miles, or 6,535,680 acres. 

The Green Mountains, from which the State derives its name, on account of 
the evergreens with which they are covered, occupy a large part cf the State ; 
and most of its surface is uneven. The range passes through its whole length, 
about half-way between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut river. 

From these mountains, many streams take their rise ; the most important are. 
Otter creek, Onion river, La Moile, and Missisqne, which empty into Lake Cham- 
plain, on the west; the White, Pasu;mpsic, and West rivers, which flow into the 
Connecticut, on the east. 

The scenery of this State is romantic and beautiful, the air pure and healthful, 
and the natives industrious, intelligent and hospitable. 

The soil is fertile, and all sorts oi^ grain suited to the climate are produced in 
great abundance. Dark, ricli, and loamy, it is admirably calculated to sustain 
drought, and affords the finest pasturage of any State in the Union. Wool is 
becoming an important product here. Cattle of various kinds are raised, with 
great facility ; and nowhere is finer beef to be .seen, than is fed on tlie rich white 
clover pastures of Vermont. Tlie butter and cheese are universally known for 
their excellence. 

Vermont is entirely in the interior ; yet, by the system of internal improvements, 
the Champlain Canal, and the Lake, vessels and steamboats have brought her ter- 
ritory almost in contiguity with the sea. Pari of the trade goes by canal to 
Albany, and part down the lake to Montreal : much of that which formerly went 
to Boston and Hartford, is now drawn by the Champlain Canal to New York- 
This canal has been of incalculable advantage to the State. 

The population of Vermont in 1790 was 85,589; in 1800, 154,465; in 1810, 
217,895; in 1820, 235,764; in 1830, 280,679; in 1840, 291,948. Of these, 
146,378 were white males; 144,840, do. females; 364 were coloured males ; 366, 
do„ females. Employed in agriculture, 73,150; in commerce, 1303; in manu- 
factures and trades, 13,174; in mining, 77; In navigating the ocean, 41; do. 
lakes, rivers and canals, 146 ; in the learned professions, 1563. 

In 1840 there were in the State, 60,402 horses and mules; 384,341 neat cattle; 
1,681,819 sheep; 203,800 swine. There were produced, 495,800 bushels of 
wheat; 1,119,678 of Indian com ; 230,993 of rye ; 54,781 of barley ; 288,416 of 
buckwheat; 2,222,548 of oats ; 8,869,751 of potatoes; 3,699,235 pounds of ^\^)ol; 
4,647,934 of sugar; 836,739 tons of hay. The products of the dairy amounted to 
$2,008,737; of the orchard, to $213,944 ; of lumber, to $349,939. 

The exports of this State, for the year ending Sept. 30th, 1841, were $277,987, 
and the imports were 246,739 ; the tonnage entered was 13,560, and the tonnage 
cleared of the same amount. 

Vermont is an agricultural, rather than a commercial and manufacturing State. 




UNITED STATES. 



There were, in 1840, 747 retail stores, with a capital of $-2.9G4,0G0; the lumber 
trade employed a capital of $45,506; home-made or famil}^ goods were produced 
to the amount of $674,548 ; 95 woollen factories and 239 fulling-mills produced 
articles to the amount of $1,331,953, with a capital of $1,406,950; 7 cotton fac- 
tories, with a capital of $118,000, produced articles to the amount of $113,000. 
The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in the State, was 
$1,326,440. 

There are three colleges in Vermont. The University of Vermont, at Burling- 
ton, was founded in 1791 ; Middlebury College, at Middlebury, was founded in 
1800; Norwich University was founded in 1834. In these institutions there 
were, in 1840, 233 students. There were in the State 46 academies, with 4113 
students, and 2402 common and primary schools, with 82,117 scholars. There 
were in the State 2270 White persons, over tw»nty years of age, who could neither 
read nor write. 

The principal religious denominations are the Congregationalists, Baptists and 
Methodists. In 1836, the Congregationalists had 186 churches, 114 ministers, 
and 20,575 communicants ; the Baptists had 125 churches, 78 ministers, and 
10,525 communicants; the Methodists had 75 itinerant preachers; the Episcopa- 
lians had one bishop, and 18 ministers. Besides these, there is a considerable 
number of Universalists and Christians, and a few Unitarians and Roman 
Catholics. 

There are 19 banks in the State, with an aggregate capital of $1,325,530, and 
a circulation of $1,966,812. Vermont has a State debt of about $250,000, about 
one-half of which was contracted in the building of the new State-house. 

The capital of the State is the little town of Montpelier, situated in a wild and 
rugged region, at the junction of the north and south branches of the Onion 
river. Here is a handsome State-house of granite, recently erected, together 
with the public buildings of the county. The population of the town is 3725. 
West of the mountains are several flourishing towns, which enjoy the advantage 
of an easy communication with Lake Champlain,and, through it, with the Hudson 
and St. Lawrence. St. Albans is a neatly built town, on a small bay, with an 
active and increasing trade, and containing 700 inhabitants. Further south is 
Burlington, the largest town in the State, and the principal commercial place on 
the lake. It is pleasantly situated on a gently rising slope, overlooking the lake, 
and it has an excellent harbour. Here are the county buildings, and the Univer- 
sity of Vermont ; and at the falls of the Onion river there are some manufactories. 
The population is 4271. The city of Vergennes, with 1017 inhabitants, is acces- 
sible to lake vessels ; and the American squadron on the lake was fitted out here 
in 1814. The falls in the river afford some good mill-seats. Above Vergennes 
lis Middlebury, which contains some mills, and a college. Marble of a good 
quality is quarried here. Population, 3162. Higher up the river is Rutland, 
containing quarries of marble, several manufacturing establishments, and the 
public buildings of the county, with 2708 inhabitants. On the same side of the 
mountains, but farther south, is Bennington, near which are found limestone, mar- 
ble, and iron. Here are some mills and iron-works. Population, 3429. This 
place is noted for the victory gained in 1777 by General Stark. 

Crossing the mountains, and entering the rich valley of the Connecticut, we 
find a number of thriving towns and neat villages, lining its fertile meadows. By 
means of several short canals, boats are enabled to ascend the river above New- 
bury ; the principal of these cuts is at Bellows' Falls, where a fall of fifty feet is 
overcome by nine locks, and an excavation of half a mile in length. Brattleboro' 
is a busy place of 2624 inhabitants, and containing some manufactories. Windsor 
is a neat town in a picturesque situation, with the lofty peaks of Ascutney Moun- 
tain towering above it. A small stream which runs through the town, serves to 
carry the machinery of several manufacturing establishments ; and there is a State 
prison built of oranite, and conducted on the Auburn plan. Population, 2744. 
^ At the little village of Bellows' Falls, the river is suddenly contracted from 300 
to 16 or 20 feet wide, and rushes with great impetuosity through a narrow 
chasm cut in the solid rock, having a fall of nearly fifty feet in a half of a mile. 






MASSACHUSETTS. 23 



Woodstock, with 3315 inhabitants, lies a little off from the river; and higher up, 
but on the Connecticut, is Norwich : civil engineering and other practical sciences 
receive particular attention in the institution here, styled the Norwich University. 
Population, 2218. 



i 



COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

This State is bounded north by Vermont and New Hampshire ; east by the 
Atlantic Ocean ; south by Rhode Island and Connecticut ; and west by New York. 
The average extent, from north to south, is 70 miles, and from east to west 140 ; 
area, 8500 square miles. The Green Mountains range through the central parts 
of the State, from north to south. These mountains, in their whole extent, 
abound in noble elevations, dark green forests, pleasant and sheltered valleys, and 
an infinite variety of impressive scenery. The highest peaks are Saddle Mt., 
Taghkonic, Mt. Tom, Mt. Holyoke, &c. 

Massachusetts has no large rivers wholly within her bounds. The Merrimack 
passes out of New Hampshire into the northern division of the State, emptying 
into the sea at Newburyport. The Connecticut, in traversing it from north to 
south, nearly bisects the State. The Housatonic, Charles and Ipswich, Neponset 
and Taunton, though they have short courses, are pleasant streams. The deep 
bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, which has given name to the State, has 
caused it to be known in the other States by the name of the Bay State. Cape 
Ann bounds it on the north, and Cape Cod on the south. 

Agriculture receives here great attention, and is conducted with a superior 
degree of skill and intelligence. Massachusetts is no doubt the best cultivated 
State in the Union. Both the Legislature and agricultural societies have made 
great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty husbandry, and to introduce the 
best foreign breeds of sheep and cattle. Commerce, manufactures, and the fish- 
eries, are, however, the great objects of pursuit. 

The population of the State of Massachusetts, in 1790, was 388,727 ; in 1800, 
422,845; in 1810, 472,040; in 1820, 523,287; in 1830, 610,408; in 1840, 
737,699. Of these, 360,679 were white males, and 368,351 white females ; 4654 
were coloured males, and 4015 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 
87,837; in commerce, 8063 ; in manufactures and trades, 85,176; in navigating 
the ocean, 27,153; do. rivers and canals, 372 ; in mining, 499 ; in the learned 
professions, 3804. 

In 1840, there were in the State, 61,484 horses or mules; 282,574 neat cattle; 
378,226 sheep ; 143,221 swine. There were produced, 157,923 bushels of wheat ; 
536,014 of rye; 1,809,192 of Indian corn; 87,000 of buckwheat; 165,319 of 
barley ; 1,319,680 of oats ; 5,385,652 of potatoes ; and 569,395 tons of hay. The 
products of the dairy were valued at $2,373,299 "; of the orchard, $389,177. 

Massachusetts is extensively engaged in the fisheries. There were produced, 
in 1840, 389,715 quintals of dried or smoked fish; 124,755 barrels of pickled fish; 
3,630,972 gallons of spermaceti oil; 3,364,725 gallons of whale, or other fish oil. 
In its shipping Massachusetts is the second Slate in the Union, being inferior 
only to New York. 

The exports in 1840 amounted to $10,186,261, and the imports to $16,513,858. 
There were 241 commercial and 123 commission houses engaged in foreign trade, 
with a capital of $13,881,517; 3625 retail dry-goods and other stores, with a 
capita] of $12,705,038; the lumber trade employed a capital of $1,022,360; the 
fisheries employed a capital of $11,725,850. 

The manufactures of Massachusetts are equally distinguished with its com- 
merce. Home-made or family goods were produced to the amount of $231,942; 
27 fulling-mills and 144 woollen manufactories produced articles to the amount 
of $7,082,898, employing a capital of $4,179,850; 278 cotton factories produced 
articles to the amount of $16,553,423, and employed a capital of $17,414,099; 
1532 saddleries and other manufactories of leather produced articles to the amount 
of $10,553,826, employing a capital of $3,318,544; flouring, grist and saw-mills 

»m . ...■■■■.. I »m»»n«i^ ^»»M i «>mMJMu ~ »-j ;» m il I ,- . u ^i.im I ■■■»!■■ n m n mm« m «imm wi Si t mM.^ua 

14* V 



24 



UNITED STATES. 



manufactured to the amount of $1,77 ), 185, and employed a capital of $1,440,152; 
ships were built to the amount of $1,349,994. The total amount of capital em- 
ployed in manufactures was $41,774,446. 

Various works of internal improvement have been executed, which afford 
great convenience and facility to travelling and transportation. They are, 
the Middlesex Canal, which extends from Boston to the Merrimack river, 26 
miles; the Blackstone Canal, from Worcester to Providence, R. I., 45 miles; 
and the Hampden and Hampshire Canal, 20 miles in length, which is a continua- 
tion of the Farmington Canal, from the Connecticut north boundary to North- 
ampton. 

The following rail-roads have been constructed, viz. : from Quincy to Neponset 
river, 3 miles ; the first work of the kind in the United States. From Boston to 
Lowell, 26 miles, with a continuation through Nashua to Concord, N.H. ; a branch of 
this line from Wilmington is carried, through Andover and Exeter, to North Ber- 
wick, Me., 60 miles. From Boston to Providence, 42 miles, and thence to Sto- 
nington, Ct. ; a branch line extends from Mansfield, through Taunton, to New 
Bedford, 33 miles. From Boston to Worcester, 43 miles; then commences the 
Western Rail-road, through Springfield to the west boundary of the State, where 
it connects with Albany, Hudson and Troy, by roads lately fi.nished. From 
Worcester to Norwich, Ct, 59 miles. The Eastern Rail-road, through Salem 
and Portsmouth, to Portland, Me., 104 miles. The Fitchburg Rail-road, leading 
through Concord, is in progress. A rail-road from Springfield to Hartford, 26 
miles, is on the point of being completed. 

Massachusetts has three colleges, and two theological seminaries. Harvard 
University, at Cambridge, is the oldest and best endowed seminary in the coun- 
try, having been founded in 1638, about eighteen years after the first landing on 
the rock of Plymouth ; Williams College, at Williamstown, in the north-west 
corner of the State, was founded in 1793, and is flourishing: Amherst College, at 
Amherst, was founded in 1821, and has had an unexampled growth, ranking with 
the first colleges in New England. The theological seminary at Andover, under 
the direction of the Congregationalists, has been munificently endowed by a few 
individuals, and is one of the oldest and most respectable of the kind in the United 
States. It was opened for students in the autumn of 1808. The Baptists have 
a flourishing theological institution at Newtown, founded in 1825. All these 
institutions had, in 1840, 769 students. There were 251 academies and grammar 
schools in the State, with 16,746 students ; and 3362 common and primary 
schools, with 160,257 scholars. There were 4448 white persons, over twenty 
years of age, who eould neither read nor write. These, as in most cases in the 
States, were principally made up of foreign immigrants. 

The principal religious denominations are Congregationalists, Unitarians, Bap- 
tists, Methodists, Episcopalians, and Universalists. In 1836, the Orthodox Con- 
gregationalists had about 323 churches, 291 ministers, and 46,950 communicants; 
the Unitarians had about 120 ministers; the Baptists had 129 churches, 160 
ministers, and 20,200 communicants; the Methodists had 87 ministers; the 
Episcopalians had one bishop, and 37 ministers; the Universalists had 100 con- 
gregations, and 44 ministers; the Friends had 18 societies; the Roman Catholics 
had one bishop, and 11 ministers. Besides these, there are a few Presbyterians, 
Christians, Swedenborgian or New Jerusalem, and Shakers. 

Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and the principal city of New England, 
is pleasantly situated upon a small hilly peninsula on Boston Bay, with a safe 
and commodious harbour, deep enough to admit the largest vessels, capable of 
containing 500 ships at once, and so completely landlocked as to be perfectly 
secure. Several forts, erected on these islands, command the approaches to the 
city. Beside the main peninsula, the city comprises another peninsula, called 
South Boston, connected with the former by two free bridges; and the island of 
East Boston, with which communication is kept up by steam ferry-boats. Four 
wooden bridges also connect the city with Charlestown and Cambridge ; a solid 
causeway of earth unites it to Brookline; and a narrow neck of land, which has 
been raised and widened by artificial constructions, joins it to Roxbury. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 25 



The population, in 1800, was 24,937; in 1830, 43,298; in 1830, 64,392; and 
in 1840, 93,383 : but, if the adjacent towns are included, which in fact form so 
many suburbs of the city, the population exceeds 120,000. The State-house, 
fronting a fine park of 75 acres, called the Common, and standing on the most 
elevated part of the city ; the market-house, a handsome granite edifice, two 
stories high, 536 feet by 50; the court-house, which is also of granite, 176 
feet long, 57 high, 54 wide ; the city hall, or old Stale-house, and Faneuil 
Hall, more interesting from historical associations than from their architectural 
merits; and the Massachusetts General Hospital, a handsome granite building, 
168 feet in length; the Institution for the Blind, in which are about 50 pupils; 
the Boston Athenaeum, which has a library of 30,000 volumes, and a picture- 
gallery ; the Medical School of Harvard University ; the Eye and Ear Infirmary ; 
the Houses of Industry, Reformation, and Correction, are the principal public 
buildings that deserve mention. 

The bridges and wharves are remarkable for their great length. The Canal 
bridge is 2800 feet long; the West Boston bridge, 2760 feet; and some of the 
others exceed 1500 feet. The wharves have been constructed in a somewhat 
similar manner. Central wharf, 1380 feet long, by 150 wide, contains 54 large 
warehouses, four stories high. Long wharf, 1800 long, by 200 in width, has 76 
warehouses, equally spacious. Commercial wharf is 1100 feet, by 160, with a 
range of 34 granite warehouses. 

As a commercial city, Boston is the second in the Union, in amount of business. 
In 1840, the shipping belonging to the port amounted to 220,243 tons; value of 
imports, $16,000,000; exports, $10,000,000. Banking institutions, 25, with an 
aggregate capital of $17,800,000; insurance companies, 25, with a capital of 
$6,000,000; 38 newspapers, 12 of which are published daily. This city has 
ever been distinguished for its attention to education. The free schools are, the 
Latin School, the High School, nine grammar and writing schools, 57 primary 
schools, and one African school for blacks. There are also numerous private 
schools for children of both sexes. Boston has 106 literary and charitable socie- 
ties. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Historical Society, and 
the Natural History Society, are ^mong the learned societies. There are 75 
churches, 2 theatres, an Odeon, &c. 

Charlestown, which is connected with Boston by three bridges, stands on a 
lofty peninsula, the centre of which is occupied by Bunker Hill. Though irre- 
gularly built, it commands many fine views of the harbour and the surrounding 
country. The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk of granite, rising to the height 
of 220 feet from its base, which is 50 feet square. The United States' Dock- 
yard, comprising a number of store-houses, arsenals, magazines, barracks, and 
slips, with a graving or dry-dock, built at a cost of $677,000, covers an extent of 
about sixty acres. The population of the town is 11,484. Adjoining Charles- 
town is Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, with 8,409 inhabitants. At 
Watertovvn, adjoining Cambridge, there is an United States' Arsenal. 

To the south-west is the little town of Brighton, noted for its cattle market, in 
which, in 1840, the sales of cattle, calves, sheep, and swine, amounted to 
almost $3,500,000. Lynn is a neat and thriving town, whose inhabitants, be- 
side making 3,500,000 pair of shoes annually, carry on th-e cod and whale fish- 
eries. Population in 1840, 9367. A long beach of smooth, hard sand, 
terminates in the rocky little peninsula of Nahant, a favourite watering-place 
of the neighbouring towns. Marblehead, long the principal seat of the cod 
fishery, has of late turned its attention partly to mechanical industry, particularly 
to shoemaking, which occupies the winter leisure of many of its hardy fishermen. 
100 sail of small vessels are employed in the fishing, coasting, and foreign trade. 
Population, 5575. 

The city of Salem, with 15,082 inhabitants, is noted for the commercial enter- 
prise and industrious spirit of its citizens. It was long largely engaged in the 
East India and China trade, and its coasting and foreign trade is still consider- 
able ; but it labours under the disadvantage of not having a sufficient depth of 
water for the largest vessels. The inhabitants have lately engaged in the whale 



29 



26 UNITED STATES. 



fishery, in which they employ 13 ships; the whole shipping of the port a^iounts 
to 37,021 tons.- The city is neatly built, and it contains an athenaeum, a marine 
museum, a valuable collection of natural and artificial curiosities, belonging to 
the East India Marine Society, which is composed wholly of nautical men ; 8 
banking institutions, with an aggregate capital of $2,350,000 ; 3 insurance com- 
panies, with a capital of $570,000; 18 churches, and several charitable institu- 
tions. The manufactures are also considerable. Beverly, connected with Salem 
by a bridge 1500 feet in length, has 4689 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in com- 
merce and the fisheries; and Danvers is a busy town, with a population of 5020, 
containing 21 tanneries, a rolling and slitting mill, &c. Cape Anne, the north 
point of Massachusetts Bay, is occupied by the fishing-town of Gloucester: ton- 
nage owned here, 17,072 ; population, 6350. A few miles north of the cape is 
the handsome town of Newburyport, situated at the mouth of the Merrimack. Its 
foreign commerce was formerly more extensive than it is at present, but its trade 
is still important; and the whale, mackerel and cod fisheries are also canied on 
from this place : tonnage, 23,965. Population, 6716. 

The south point of the great bay from which the State takes its name, is Cape 
Cod, a long irregular peninsula, of 75 miles in length, by from 5 to 20 in breadth. 
It consists chiefly of hills of white sand, mostly destitute of vegetation. The 
houses are in some places built upon stakes driven into the ground, with open 
spaces between, for the sand to drift through. The cape, notwithstanding, is well 
inhabited, and supports a large population, the majority of which subsists by the 
fisheries and the coasting-trade. South of Cape Cod is the island of Nantucket, 
containing the town of the same name, with 9012 inhabitants, all crowded toge- 
ther close upon the harbour, which lies on the northern side. The island is merely 
a sand-bank, 15 miles in length, by about 5 or 6 in breadth, slightly elevated 
above the ocean. There are, however, some productive spots ; and about 7000 
sheep and 500 cows are raised, which feed in one pasture, the land being held in 
common. The inhabitants are distinguished for their enterprise. They have 
about 75 ships engaged in the whale-fishery, and a considerable number of small 
vessels in the coasting-trade ; 34,342 tons of shipping are owned here, and 2000 
men and boys belonging to the island are employed in navigation. Martha's 
Vineyard is somewhat longer than Nantucket, and contains considerable wood- 
land. The inhabitants are mostly pilots and fishermen ; but some salt and 
woollen cloth are made. Holmes' Hole, a safe and capacious harbour on the 
northern coast, is an important station for ships waiting for favourable weather to 
pass Cape Cod. 

Fifty-seven miles south of Boston, and situated on Buzzard's Bay, is New 
Bedford, the great seat of the whale-fishery. It is a handsomely built town, and 
has a safe and capacious harbour. The population, in 1840, amounted to 12,087. 
The shipping of the district, which includes several other towns on the bay, is 
89,089 tons; nearly the whole of this is employed in the whale-fishery; and in 
1841, 54,860 barrels of sperm and 49,555 of whale oil were brought in here. 
Capital employed in the fisheries, $4,512,000. There are 4 banks, with a capital 
of $1,300,000 ; 3 insurance offices, 14 churches, an academy, &c. A rail-road, 24 
miles long, connects this place with Taunton. 

Lowell is the greatest manufacturing town in the United States, and may be 
considered the Manchester of America. It was commenced in 1813, but its prin- 
cipal iiicrease dates from 1822; it now contains 25,000 inhabitants. In 1844, 
the capital employed in its various manufactures amounted to $10,850,000. Its 
cotton and woollen factories alone give employment to near 9000 operatives, the 
greater part of whom are females. About 24,000,000 pounds of cotton are 
expended annually in the production of 76,000,000 yards of cloth. The average 
amount of wages paid per month is $138,600. The supply of water-power from 
the Merrimack is convenient and unfailing. Lowell also contains powder-mills, 
flannel-works, grist and saw-mills, glass-works, &c. 

Among the other places noted for manufactures are Fall River village, near the 
mouth of Taunton river; this town was almost wholly destroyed by fire on the 
2d of July, 1843, but was almost immediately rebuilt; the loss was estimated at 



RHODE ISLAND. 27 



$700,000. Taunton, on the river of the same name, and 32 miles south-west 
from Boston; Worcester, west from Boston; Springfield and Northampton, both 
on Connecticut river, the former on its eastern, and the latter on its western side; 
Pittsfield in the western, and Adams in the north-western, part of the Slate. 



STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 

Rhode Island is bounded north and east by Massachusetts, south by the Atlan- 
tic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. Its extent, from north to south, is about 48 
miles, and from east to west, 42; area, 1500 square miles. The face of the 
country is mostly level, except in the north-west, part of which is hilly and rocky. 
The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. A large proportion 
of the north-western and western part of the State has a thin and lean soil, but 
the islands and country bordering on Narragansett Bay are of great fertility, and 
are celebrated for their fine cattle, and the abundance and excellence of their but- 
ter and cheese. The products are corn, rye, barley, oats, and some wheat. 

The island of Rhode Island is celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated appear- 
ance, abounding in smooth swells, and being divided with great uniformity into 
well-tilled fields. The climate much resembles that of Massachusetts and Con- 
necticut in its salubrity: the parts of the Slate adjacent to the sea are favoured 
with refreshing breezes in summer, and its winter is the most mild of any of the 
New England States. 

The rivers are small, with courses of not more than fifty or sixty miles, and 
i discharging an inconsiderable quantity of water; but as they descend from two 
hundred to four hundred and fifty feet, and are steady in their supply of water, 
they furnish a great number of valuable mill-seats ; and they have been exten- 
sively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, Pawtuxet, and Paw- 
catuck, are the principal streams. 

The population of Rhode Island, in 1790, was 58,825; in 1800, 69,122; in 
1810, 76,931; in 1820, 83,059; in 1830, 97,212; in 1840, 108,830. Of these 
51,362 were white males; 54,225 white females; 1413 were coloured males; 
1825 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 16,617; in commerce, 1348; 
in manufactures and trades, 21,271 ; in navigating the ocean, 1717 ; in the learned 
professions, 457. It is the only State in the Union in which the number employed 
in manufactures and trades exceeds those employed in agriculture. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 8024 horses and mules; 36,891 neat cattle; 
90,146 sheep; 30,659 swine. There were produced 3098 bushels of wheat ; 
34,521 of rye; 450,498 of Indian corn; 2979 of buckwheat; 65,490 of barley; 
171,517 of oats; 911,973 of potatoes; 183,830 pounds of wool. 

The exports for the year ending September 30th, 1841, was $278,465 ; and the 
imports were'$339,592. The tonnage entered was 25,195 tons, and the tonnage 
cleared was 21,698 tons. 

The manufactures of this State, small as it is, are deserving of particular 
notice. According to the census of 1840, home-made or family goods were pro- 
duced to the amount of $57,180 ; 41 woollen factories, with 45 fulling-mills, 
produced goods to tiie amount of $842,172, employing a capital of $685,350 ; 
209 cotton factories produced goods to the amount of $7,116,792, employing a 
capital of $7,360,000; various mills produced articles to the amount of $83,6h3, 
employing a capital of $152,310; vessels were built to the amount of $41,500; 
four distilleries produced 885,000 gallons of distilled spirits, and 3 breweries 
produced 89,600 gallons of beer, with a capital of $139,000; capital employed 
in the fisheries, $1,077,157. The total amount of capital employed in manufac- 
tures was $10,696,136. 

Brown University, at Providence, founded at Warwick, in 1764, and per- 
manently located at Providence, in 1770, is the only college in the State, and is 
a flourishing institution. The president and a majority of the trustees are required 
to be of the Baptist denomination. The common schools of this State, formerly 
less attended to than in the other New England States, have latterly received 



28 UNITED STATES. 



much attention, and are improving. In 1843, there was expended for instruction 
in the State, $42,944. The State has a permanent school-fund amounting to over 
$50,000. Tlie sum of $-25,000 annually is paid from the State treasury to the 
school committees of the several towns, for the support of the public schools. 
In 1840, there were in Brown University, and in a High-School, which partakes 
of the nature of a college, 324 students. There were 52 academies or grammar- 
schools, with 3664 students; 434 common and primary schools, with 17,355 
scholars. 

The principal religious denominations are Baptists, Congregationalists, Epis- 
copalians, and Methodists. 

Until recently, the only Constitution of this State was the Charter granted by 
Charles II., in 1663. Several attempts have been made within the last 20 years 
to form a Constitution more suitable to the spirit of the age, all of which failed 
until November, 1842, when, after a display of much party rancour, a new Con- 
stitution was adopted by a majority of the legal voters. 

The principal city of Rhode Island is Providence, the second in New England 
in point of population, wealth, and commerce. It is situated at the head of Nar- 
ragansett Bay, and is accessible to the largest merchant-vessels : it carries on an 
active coasting and foreign trade. The population of the city increased from 
16,833 in 1830, to 23,171 in 1840. Here are 15 banks with a capital of about 
$5,000,000 ; also a number of cotton-mills, bleacheries, dye-houses, machine- 
shops, iron-founderies, &c. Among the public buildings are the State House, 
the Halls of Brown University, the arcade, a handsome granite edifice, 17 
churches, &c. Steam-boats, of the largest and finest class, keep up a daily com- 
munication with New York, during the greater part of the year ; the Blackstone 
canal, and Boston and Providence rail-road, terminate here ; the latter is conti- 
nued to Stonington, in Connecticut. Pawtucket River, above Providence, is the 
seat of extensive manufactures. North Providence, on the Massachusetts bor- 
der, contains the manufacturing village of Pawtucket, opposite which is the 
town of Pawtucket in that State. The whole manufacturing district is also 
commonly called Pawtucket, and it contains a number of cotton-mills, beside 
machine-shops, calico-printing works, iron-works, &c. There is a population of 
about 8000 souls on both sides of the river. Above this the Pawtucket takes the 
name of the Blackstone, and furnishes mill-seats which have created the village 
of Woonsocket Falls, also situated on both sides of the river, in the townships 
of Smithfield and Cumberland. There are also manufacturing establishments in 
other parts of Smithfield. Warwick, on the Pawtuxet River and Narragansett 
Bay, is a manufacturing and fishing town, with 6726 inhabitants. 

Bristol, on the eastern shore of the bay, is a busy town, with 3490 inhabitants 
actively engaged in the foreign and coasting trade and whale fishery. Nearly a% 
the south end of the island of Rhode Island is Newport, once one of the princi- 
pal towns in the colonies, and still a favourite summer resort, on account of its 
pleasant situation, the refreshing coolness of the sea-breezes, and its advantages 
for sea-bathing. The harbour is one of the finest in the world, being safe, capa- 
cious, and easy of access, and is defended by an important work called Fort 
Adams; but trade has mostly deserted the town, and now centres chiefly in Pro- 
vidence. Population, 8321. Prudence and Conanicut Islands in the Bay, and 
Block Island, at the entrance of Long Island Sound, belong to this State. The 
latter is destitute of a harbour; the inhabitants, 1069 in number, are chiefly fish- 
ermen. 



STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 

This State is bounded on the north by Massachusetts, south by Long Island 
Sound, east by Rhode Island, and west by New York. It is 90 miles in length, 
70 miles in breadth, and contains 4764 square miles. The principal rivers are, 
the Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Farmington, and Naugatuck. The face 
of the country is generally hilly, and, in the north-western parts, mountainous. 
The soil is good, and the industrious inhabitants have not neglected its cultiva- 



CONNECTICUT. 29 



tion. The valley of Connecticut River, from Middletown to the northern bound- 
ary of the State, is a luxuriant meadow, chequered by patches of wheat, corn, 
and other grain. Some other parts of the State are well cultivated and fruitful, 
and some portions are beautiful, as well from the gifts of nature as the improve- 
ments of art. 

The chief productions are Indian com, rye, wheat, in many parts, oats, barley, 
buckwheat, flax in large quantities, &c. Orchards are numerous, and cider is 
made for exportation. The State is, however, generally better adapted to grazing 
than tillage, and its fine meadows and pastures enable the farmer to feed great 
numbers of neat cattle, horses, and sheep. The quantity of butter and cheese, 
annually made, is great, and of well-known excellence. 

The whale and other fisheries are carried on from several of the ports in this 
State; and there are valuable shad fisheries on the larger rivers. 

The population, in 1790, was 273,946; in 1800, 251,002; in 1810, 261,942; 
in 1820, 275,248; in 1830, 291,711 ; in 1840, 300,015. Of these, 148,300 were 
white males; 153,556 white females ; 3881 were free coloured males; 4212 free 
coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 56,995 ; in commerce, 2743 ; in 
manufactures and trades, 27,932 ; in navigating the ocean, 2700 ; do. rivers and 
canals, 431 ; in the learned professions and engineers, 1697. 

According to the census of 1840, there were in the State, 34,650 horses and 
mules; 238,650 neat cattle; 403,467 sheep; 131,961 swine. There were pro- 
duced 87,009 bushels of wheat; 737,424 of rye; 33,759 of barley; 1,500,441 
of Indian corn; 303,043 of buckwheat; 1,453,262 of oats; 3,414,238 of pota- 
toes; 889,870 pounds of wool; 471,657 of tobacco; 426,704 tons of hay; 
17,538 pounds of silk cocoons. The products of the dairy amounted to $1,376,534, 
and of the orchard to $296,232; the value of lumber was $147,841 ; and 2666 
gallons of wine were made. 

The exports of this State, in 1840, amounted to $518,210 ; and the imports to 
$227,072. Capital employed in the fisheries, $1,301,640. 

The manufactures of Connecticut are still more extensive than its commerce. 
Home-made or family manufactures amounted, in 1840, to $226,162 ; there were 
119 woollen manufactories, producing articles to the amount of $2,494,313, em- 
ploying a capital of $1,931,335; 116 cotton factories produced articles to the 
amount of $2,715,964, and employed a capital of $3,152,000; 408 saddle, shoe, 
and other leather manufactories, produced articles to the amount of $2,017,931, 
employing a capital of $829,267 ; vessels were built to the amount of $428,900. 
The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in the State was $13,- 
669,139. 

This State has 3 colleges. Yale College, at New Haven, founded in 1701, 
is one of the oldest colleges in the United States. Wi^shington College, at Hart- 
ford, is under the direction of the Episcopalians, founded in 1826. The Wes- 
leyan University, founded in 1831, is under the direction of the Methodists. In 
1840, the three colleges had 700 students, more than two-thirds of whom were 
in Yale College; there were 127 academies and grammar-schools, with 4685 
students. The best endowed of these are Bacon Academy, at Colchester, and 
the Episcopal Academy, at Cheshire. There were 1619 common and primary 
schools, with 65,739 scholars ; 526 persons, over 20 years of age, could neither 
read nor write ; the least number in proportion to its inhabitants in any State ih 
ihe Union. This State has the largest school-fund in proportion to its population 
of any State in the Union ; it amounted, in 1842, to $2,044,354. 

The principal religious denominations are the Congregational ists, Baptists, 
Methodists, Episcopalians, with a few Roman Catholics, Universalists, and Uni- 
tarians. In 1836, the Congregationalists had 232 churches, 271 ministers, and 
29,579 communicants ; the Baptists had 92 churches, 77 ministers, and 10,039 
communicants; the Methodists had 73 ministers; the Episcopalians had one 
bishop and 63 ministers. 

The chief works of internal improvement in Connecticut are, the Farmington 
canal, extending from New Haven to Northampton, Mass., 78 miles; the rail- 
road from Stonington to Providence, 45 miles, chiefly in Rhode Island ; this work 
connects with the Long Island rail-road at Greenport, by a steam ferry of 24 



30 



UNITED STATES. 



miles. The Norwich and Worcester, 59 miles. The New Haven and Hartford, 
36 miles; now extended to Springfield, Mass. The Housatonic, from Bridgeport 
to West Stockbridge, Mass., 96 miles. The three last connect with the great 
rail-road system leading from Boston to Buffalo. 

New Haven, a semi-capital of the State, is situated on a bay of the same name. 
The harbour is safe and spacious, but it is shallow and gradually filling up. The 
city is regularly laid out and neatly built : many of the houses have fine gardens ; 
some of the principal streets are bordered by rows of shade trees, and the princi- 
pal square is finely ornamented in the same manner. Among the public buildings 
are the State-house, the State-hospital, the Halls of Yale College, ten churches, 
&c. One of the wharves here is 3943 feet in length. The coasting and foreign 
trade of New Haven is considerable : steam-boats and packets keep up a regular 
communication with New York ; and there are some extensive manufactories of 
fire-arms, carriages, &c. Population, 12,960. Bridgeport is a thriving town near 
the mouth of Housatonic river, with 4570 inhabitants ; it contains 6 churches, 2 
banks, a number of manufacturing establishments, 8 academies, and 13 schools. 
The capital employed in manufactures amounts to half a million dollars. The 
Housatonic rail-road commences here. In the interior are Danbury and Litch- 
field, with some manufactures. 

Hartford, also a semi-capital of the State, is built on the west bank oi Con- 
necticut river. It stands in a fertile district, abounding in neat villages, which 
enjoy the advantages of numerous mill-seats and easy communication with the 
sea; population in 1840, 9468. Steamboats run daily between Hartford and New 
York, and several small steam-packets and tow-boats are employed on the river 
above. The principal branches of industry are printing and publishing, shoe- 
making, the manufacturing of saddlery, cards, and wire, wearing apparel, &c. 
Among the public buildings are the State-house, city hall, 13 churches, 5 banks, 
savings bank, &c., the Asylum for the deaf and dumb, retreat for the insane, &c. 
The Asylum for the deaf and dumb, the first institution of the kind established in 
America, was founded in 1816, and has about 140 pupils, who receive instruction 
I in various branches of useful learning, and acquire a knowledge of the useful arts. 
Washington College, founded in 1824, has 7 professors and 72 students. 

Middletown, a few miles below Hartford, is accessible to vessels drawing ten 
feet of water, and its coasting and foreign trade is considerable. The situation of 
the town is pleasant, and the houses and public buildings neat. Its manufactures 
comprise cotton and woollen goods, powder, cordage, paper, machinery, &c. : 
population, 3511. Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut river, was the first 
spot occupied by Europeans in Connecticut, and the ground was regularly laid 
out for a large city ; but the anticipations of its founders have not been realised. 

New London, near the mouth of Thames river, is the principal commercial 
place in Connecticut, with one of the best harbours in the country. Its trade is 
considerable; upwards of fifty ships sail hence to the whale-fishery. Population, 
5519. Norwich, 13 miles above New London, is a flourishing manufacturing 
city. The water-power is ample, and is extensively employed. There are in the 
township 17 manufacturing establishments, 8 churches, 4 banks, &c. Population 
of the city, 4700 ; of the township, 7239. Stonington, in the south-east corner of 
the State, has a considerable number of vessels engaged in the whaling and seal- 
ing business. Population, 3898. 



MIDDLE STATES. 



The Middle States are bounded on the north by Canada, the river St. Law- 
rence, and Lakes Ontario and Erie"; south by Virginia; east by the Atlantic 
Ocean and New England ; west by the State of Ohio and Virginia. As a region, 
the Middle States comprise New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and 
Delaware ; it extends, from north to south, about 490 miles, and from east to west. 



UNITED STATES. 



31 



pfl'nhet'i:™""" "' ■'"'■'»"' "•""= "■"-• "-i --P- 0-0 of .he finest 
Blue Rid,e in North Carolina, 'or S^WhitCULl' ^t^ZC °T^l 

.tgM^ror™-^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

thiIr:,r'''¥h"'H„"^nT/^lLa~"''\"°"™' "' '^ "S imefrin 
a«ll,l "of our naviS,irst?i^ b^rL <? ='7°?»t »'' '"°=' ™P°"""' >"<! 

their Sumber^nd ria'nitude ' '' '" ''' particularly remarkable Jr 

of Pennsylvania and Delaware flows' to BaTtt'oJrT'' °f °. •^""^"i!'™"" P»" 
n<r different hihit<, fp^llnn:. "^ j ^ ■ • ^ P^°P'^ of various countries, hav- 

contiguity: they seldom ui^te for nn" nK, ^^'"^ ""^^^'^^ ^""Sether is their 

little symVhy or common feelin J wiLh nrn ^7^^' ""^ '^'^■'"^ ^^^"^^ '« ^e but 

Sta1es"nto NtwVorfc'ont'ueftTZr"' \'^ '"^'^f ^^^^^ ^^^ the New England 
rity of the prLlt populat on oJ thnt 4? '^'"""'^ ^°'" "^""^ y«"^' ^^at a majo- 

vania. Population of the AliddffstS i S»n 5"£^"^ emigrants in Pennsyl- 
of whom 97,778 were s aves ' ""'' '" '^''^' ^'^^^'^BG; m 1840, 5,118,076; 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 

coJbTn1nrwkh^It;s;terak'dTitt"f'J^^'^ P°P"'«- - ^^^ Union, 

and easy access C^eaSSc work, i ^^7^"^«§^«« ^^ «oil. internal navigation 
exhibits one of thlramS^ ermy T^^ of imperial grandeur 

nowhere on the glXe bTyrd^r'^Z'SrSerr"'' '"' P"^^^"^^' ^^^^ ^^ -- 



32 



UNITED STATES. 



Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, and 
Pennsylvania ; and west by Lake Erie, Pennsylvania, and the Niagara river. 
Length, 316 miles; breadth, 304; containing about 46,000 square miles. 

This State forms a portion of the elevated table-land of the United States, 
broken in some places by mountainous ridges of inconsiderable elevation, and 
containing some remarkable depressions, which form the basins of lakes, or the 
channels of the rivers. 

The principal rivers are the Hudson, St. Lawrence, Delaware, Susquehanna, 
Alleghany, Genesee, Niagara, Oswego, and the Mohawk. A part of the lakes 
Erie, Ontario and Champlain, are in this State. The other principal lakes are 
Lake George, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, Oswegatchie, Canandaigua, &c. 

The soil in the maritime part of the State is sandy, in the middle beautifully 
undulating, and in the western and southern division remarkably level, rich, and 
inclining to alluvial formation. 

Iron ore is found in inexhaustible quantities, and of a good quality, in the north- 
eastern part of the State ; it occurs also in some of the central, eastern, and south- 
western counties. Lead is found in some parts ; also gypsum, in the central 
counties, where it is extensively used for agricultural purposes. Limestone like- 
wise occurs. Salt is procured in abundance from the Onondaga salt-springs, in 
the township of Salina ; the brine is conducted to Salina, Syracuse, and other 
neighbouring villages, where the salt is obtained by boiling, by solar evaporation, 
and by artificial evaporation, 45 gallons of water yielding a bushel of salt. The 
well-known springs of Ballston and Saratoga are partly saline, partly chalybeate; 
and the water is exported in considerable quantities, not only to other States, but 
to foreign countries. In the western part of the State there are burning springs, 
yielding carburetted hydrogen, which is applied to economical uses in the neigh- 
bouring villages. 

Wheat is the great agricultural staple of the State, and flour and provisions are 
largely exported. The manufactures are extensive and flourishing. The capital 
employed in that branch of national industry, in 1840, was over $55,000,000, in- 
dependent of home-made articles produced to the amount of more than $4,600,000. 
The cotton and woollen factories alone employed a capital of about $8,400,000, 
and produced articles to the value of near $7,200,000. 

The commerce of New York is on a great scale, as, beside supplying her own 
wants, and exporting her surplus productions, she imports a large share of the 
foreign articles consumed in the neighbouring Atlantic States, as well as in many 
of the Western States, to which her natural and artificial channels of communi- 
cation give her access ; and her great commercial emporium is the outlet for the 
produce of the same regions. 

The inhabitants consist in part of the descendants of the original Dutch settlers, 
who have at present, however, lost in a great measure their national characteris- 
tics, and the descendants of the German palatines, who removed thither in the 
beginning of the last century, with some emigrants from Great Britain, and other 
European countries. But the mass of the people are of New England origin or 
descent, and they are favourably distinguished for enterprise, intelligence, and 
virtue. 

The population in 1790 was 340,120; in 1800, 586,050; in 1810,959,049; in 
1820, 1,372,810 ; in 1830, 1,913,508 ; and in 1840, 2,428,921. Of these, 853,929 
were white males, and 816,276 white females; 6435 were coloured males, and 6428 
coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 455,954 ; in commerce, 28,468 ; in 
manufactures and trades, 173,193; in mining, 1898; in navigating the ocean, 
5511 ; do. lakes, rivers and canals, 10,167; in the learned professions, 14,111. 

There were in the State, according to the census of 1840, 475,543 horses and 
mules; 1,911,244 neat cattle; 5,118,777 sheep ; 1,900,065 swine ; poultry to the 
value of $1,153,143. There were produced, 12,236,418 bushels of wheat; 2,979,323 
of rye; 10,972,286of Indian corn ; 2,520,060 of barley ; 2,287,885 of buckwheat ; 
30.123,614 of potatoes ; 9,845,295 pounds of wool ; 10,048,109 of sugar ; 447,235 
|l of hops; 1735 of silk cocoons ; 3,127,047 tons of hay ; and 1130 of hemp or flax. 



NEW YORK. 33 



The products of the dairy amounted to $10,496,021 ; of the orchard, to $1^701,935 ; 
of lumber, to $3,891,302. 

The commerce of New York greatly surpasses that of any other State in the 
Union, The exports of 1841 were $33,139,833, and the imports were $75,713,426 ; 
the tonnage entered was 1,111,680; the tonnage cleared, 965,548. 

The manufactures of the State are also extensive. Home-made or family 
manufactures amounted to $4,636,547 ; 323 woollen manufactories, with 890 
fulling-mills, produced articles to the amount of $3,537,337, with a capital of 
$3,469,349; 117 cottoa factories, with 211,659 spindles, employed 4407 persons, 
and a capital of $4,900,772, and produced articles of the value of $3,640,237; 
332 persons produced 2,867,884 bushels of salt, with a capital of $5,601,000 ; 186 
furnaces produced 29,088 tons of cast-iron; 120 forges produced 53,693 tons of 
bar-iron, and employed a capital of $2,003,418 ; 9 smelting-houses produced 
670,000 pounds of lead, and employed a capital of $221,000; boots, shoes, sad- 
dles, &c., were produced to the amount of $6,232,924 ; machinery was produced 
to the amount of $2,895,517; hardware and cutlery, to the value of $1,566,974; 
precious metals, to the value of $1,106,203 ; 212 distilleries produced 11,973,815 
gallons of spirits ; 83 breweries produced 6,059,122 gallons of beer, and employed 
a capital of $3,107,066; 338 flouring-mills produced 1,861,385 barrels of flour, 
and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of $16,953,280, and em- 
ployed a capital of $14,648,814; vessels were built to the amount of $797,317; 
amount of capital employed in the fisheries, $949,250. The total amount of 
capital employed in manufactures was $55,252,779. 

This State has several important literary institutions : Columbia College, in 
New York city, founded in 1754; Union College, at Schenectady, founded in 
1795; Hamilton College, in Clinton, founded in 1812 ; Geneva College, at Ge- 
neva, founded in 1823; University of the City of New York, founded in 1831. 
The Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary was founded by the Baptists 
in 1819 ; the Theological Institute of the Episcopal Church was founded in 1819, 
in the city of New York ; the New York Theological Seminary, at Auburn, was 
founded in 1821 ; the Hartwick Seminary, at Hartwick, Otsego county, founded 
1816; the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city of New York, was 
founded in 1807 ; the Albany Medical College was founded in 1839. In the 
above-named institutions there were, in 1840, 1285 students. There were in the 
State 505 academies, with 34,715 students, and 10,539 common and primary 
schools, with 502,367 scholars. There were 44,452 white persons, over twenty 
years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

In 1838, the Presbyterians, with a few Congregationalists, had 564 ministers, 
and 86,000 communicants ; the Dutch Reformed had 142 ministers, and 15,800 
communicants; the Methodists had 591 ministers, and 30,700 communicants; 
the Baptists had 483 ministers, and 67,183 communicants ; the Episcopalians had 
207 ministers, and about 10,000 communicants; the Associate Reformed had 30 
ministers; the Lutherans had 27 ministers; the Roman Catholics had 32 minis- 
ters; the Unitarians had 8 ministers; the Universalists had 25 ministers. 

The State of New York is distinguished for its magnificent public works, con- 
structed for the purpose of connecting the great central basin of the lakes and the 
St. Lawrence with the Atlantic ; 663 miles of canal navigation have been ob- 
tained, at a cost of $13,497,568. T'he great trunk is the Erie canal, extending 
from Buffalo, on Lake Erie, to the Hudson, 364 miles. The Champlain canal 
extends from Lake Champlain, at Whitehall, to the junction of the Erie canal 
with the Hudson, 64 miles, with a navigable feeder of 12 miles; lockage, 188 
feet, by 21 locks. Other branches of this work, pervading different parts of the 
State, are the Oswego canal, 38 miles, connecting the Erie canal at Salina with 
Lake Ontario; Cayuga and Seneca canal, 23 miles, extending from Geneva to 
Montezuma, on the Erie canal, and thus continuing the navigation through those 
two lakes ; Crooked Lake, eight miles, connecting that lake with Seneca Lake; 
Chemung canal, from the head of the latter to the river Chemung, or Tioga, at 
i Elmira, 23 miles, with a navigable feeder from Painted Post to Elmira, of 16 
i miles; Chenango canal, 97 miles in length, from Binghamton, on the Chrnango, 



30 



34 UNITED STATES. 



to Utica ; the Black River canal, 35 miles in length, from Rome, on the Erie 
canal, to High Falls, on Black river; and the Genesee Valley canal, from 
Rochester to Olean, on the Alleghany river, 107 miles. 

Beside the works constructed by the State, the principal canal made by a pri- 
vate company is the Delaware and Hudson, extending from the mouth of Round- 
out creek, on the latter river, to Port Jervis on the Delaware, up that river to the 
mouth of the Lackawaxen, and along the latter to Honesdale, in Pennsylvania ; 
total length 109 miles, of which 26 are in Pennsylvania. From Honesdale a rail- 
road runs to the coal-mines at Carbondale, a distance of 16 miles. 

The following are the principal rail-roads completed in the State of New York : 
From Albany to Schenectady, 16 miles; from Schenectady to Utica, 78 miles; 
frorn Utica to Syracuse, 53 miles ; from Syracuse to Auburn, 26 miles ; from 
Auburn to Rochester, 78 miles ; from Rochester to Attica, 44 miles ; from Attica 
to Buffalo, 36 miles. All the foregoing roads form one continuous line from 
Albany to Buffalo of 331 miles, and, in connection with the rail-road from Albany 
to West Stockbridge, Ms., of 38 miles, and thence to Boston, 162 miles, the whole 
forms a splendid connected rail-road of 531 miles in length. The other chief rail- 
roads in the State extend from Schenectady to Saratoga Springs, 22 miles ; from 
West Troy to Schenectady, 20 miles; from Troy to Ballston Spa, 23^ miles; 
from Hudson to West Stockbridge, Ms., 33 miles; from Brooklyn to Greenport, 
90 miles; from New York to White Plains, 29 miles; from Corning to Bloss- 
burg, Pa., 40 miles; from Buffalo to Niagara Falls, 23 miles; from Lockport to 
Niagara Falls, 24 miles ; from Ithaca to Owego, 29 miles ; and from Piermont 
to Dunkirk, on lake Erie, 446 miles ; this road is finished ajnd in use from Pier- 
mont, about 45 miles. 

The city of New York is the largest, most wealthy, and most flourishing of all 
American cities; the greatest commercial emporium of America, and, after Lon- 
don, the greatest in the world. 

No city in the world possesses equal advantages for foreign commerce and 
inland trade. Two long lines of canals, stretching back in every direction, have 
increased its natural advantages, and rendered it the great mart of an almost inde- 
finite extent of country ; while its facilities of communication with all parts of the 
world have made it the thoroughfare of the same vast region. The progress of 
its population has never been paralleled : in 1790 it was 33,131 ; in 1810, 96,373 ; 
in 1830, 203,007; and in 1840, 312,710; or, including Brooklyn, nearly 350,000. 

New York is well-built and regularly laid out, with the exception of the older 
part, in which the streets are crowded, narrow, and crooked ; but this now forms 
only a small portion of the city. It is chiefly as a great mart of foreign and inland 
commerce that New York is most advantageously known. 

The arrivals from foreign ports are about 2000 annually, and of coasters near 
4800. The passengers that arrived in 1843 were 46,302 in number, of whom only 
341 were Americans. The imports in the same year amounted to $50,308,520, 
the exports to $23,440,336, and the duties collected to $11,300,407. There is a 
line of steam-packets to Liverpool, besides which there are line-ships that sail for 
Liverpool every five days, to London every ten days, and to Havre every eight 
days. Regular lines of packets are also established to all the chief cities of the 
United Stales, the West Indies, and South America. Steamboat-lines to all the 
adjacent maritime towns are numerous. 

There are in New York 25 banks, with an aggregate capital of more than 
$27,000,000; several marine insurance companies, with a capital of about 
$3,000,000; 22 fire insurance companies, with a capital of about $6,000,000, 
besides several mutual insurance companies. There are 4 savings banks, 15 
markets, 6 theatres, a circus, and 2 museums. Among the public build- 
ings are the City Hall, a handsome edifice of white marble, with a front of 216 
feet; the Hall of the University, a splendid building, 180 by 100 feet; the Hall 
of Columbia College; the Hospital; the City Lyceum; 185 churches; the Astor 
House, a vast hotel of Quincy granite, 200 feet by 150, and 77 feet high, contain- 
ing 390 rooms; the Almshouse at Bellevue, on East river; the Penitentiary on 
Blackwell's Island, in the same river, several miles from the city ; the Custom- 



NEW YORK. 



house, an elegant building, 177 feet long by 89 wide, on the model of the Par- 
thenon ; the new Exchange, recently erected in place of the one destroyed by fire 
in 1^35; the Hall of Justice, built in the Egyptian style, and usually called the 
Tombs. 

The benevolent societies are numerous and well supported. They comprise a 
hospital, with which is connected a lunatic asylum, at Bloomingdale ; a hospital 
at Bellevue, for the sick and insane poor, connected with the city almshouse; 
three dispensaries; an institution for the blind; one for the deaf and dumb; and 
a great number of orphan asylums, relief associations, education, bible, and tract 
societies, &c. Neither is New York behind her sister cities in h'er literary and 
scientific establishments. Beside the educational institutions already mentioned, 
the Historical Society, the New York Society Library, with 40,000 volumes; the 
Lyceum of Natural History, and the American Lyceum, have published some 
valuable papers; while the Mercantile Library Association, and the Apprentices' 
Library, show that the merchants and mechanics are not indifferent to the intellec- 
tual improvement of their clerks and apprentices. 

There are here also an Academy of Fine Arts, and an Academy of Design. The 
American Institute, for the promotion of domestic industry by the distribution of 
premiums and other rewards, holds annual fairs for the exhibition of the products 
of American industry. 

The most splendid work undertaken by the city corporation is the Croton 
Water-works. An aqueduct built of stone and brick conveys the water of the 
Croton river to the city. It commences five miles from the Hudson, at a dam 
built in the river for the purpose of creating a supply, and which contains 500 
million gallons. The aqueduct is 40 miles long, has a descent of about 13 inches 
per mile, and will discharge 60 million gallons of water in 24 hours. The re- 
ceiving reservoir, two miles from the city, covers 35 acres, and contains 150 mil- 
lion gallons. The Croton water is of the purest kind of river water, and is suffi- 
cient to supply a population five times as numerous as that of New York. It is 
carried to all parts of the city in iron pipes, laid deep enough to be unaffected by 
the frost. 

The city of Brooklyn, on Long Island, opposite to New York, is situated 
on a rising ground which commands an agreeable view, and it partakes in 
the commercial activity and prosperity of its neighbour. Here is a navy-yard of 
the United States, on Wallabout Bay, There are in Brooklyn 30 churches, 
3 banks, 3 insurance companies, &c. Steam ferry-boats are constantly run- 
ning across the East river to New York, and a rail-road extends to Greenport, 96 
miles, at the eastern end of Long Island, which forms a portion of the nearest 
route to Boston. Population in 1830, 15,394; and in 1840, 36,233. About 50 
miles above the city of New York, and on the west side of the Hudson, is West 
Point, a celebrated military post during the war of independence, and now the 
seat of the United States' Military Academy for the education of officers of the 
army. Newburgh, 10 miles above West Point, and on the right bank, with 6000 
inhabitants, and Poughkeepsie, 14 miles higher, on the left, with 7500, are neat, 
thriving villages, with considerable trade, and several ships engaged in the whale- 
fishery. Near the head of ship navigation, 1 17 miles from the°sea, stands the city 
of Hudson, on a commanding eminence on the left bank of the river. Its trade 
and manufactures are extensive and increasing, and it has eleven ships, with an 
aggregate of about 4000 tons, engaged in the whale-fishery. The city is well 
laid out and prettily built, and the neighbourhood presents many charming pros- 
pects. Population in 1840, 5672. 

On the western bank of the Hudson river, 145 miles above New York, is the 
city of Albany, the capital, and, in point of size, the third city of the State. Its 
wealth and trade have been greatly increased by the Erie and Champlain canals, 
which terminate in a large basin in the city; and its situation renders it a 
great thoroughfare, not only for traders, but also for travellers on the northern 
route. It contains several handsome public buildings, among which are the capi- 
tol, a fine stone edifice; the State-hall, and the city hall, both of white marble;: 
the Academy, of red freestone; 30 churches, &c. A medical college, female aca- 

15 






«K 



36 UNITED STATES. 



demy, and exchange, are also important public buildings. Twenty steamboats 

and fifty tow-boats ply between this city and New York, and the intermediate 

places on the river. By the Erie canal and a continuous line of rail-roads, Albany 

{is connected with Buffalo, and shares extensively in the trade of the far West. 

By the Champlain canal, it receives the trade of the North. Rail-roads also 

extend to Saratoga, and another great line of rail-roads extends eastward to 

Boston. Population in 1840, 33,721. The city of Troy, six miles above Albany, 

I is situated on the opposite side of the river. The trade and manufactures of this 

I place are both considerable. The city is regularly laid out and prettily built. 

I Population in iSJO, 19,334. Nearly north from Albany, at a distance of 29 and 

j 39 miles respectively, are the most frequented of American watering-places, 

I Ballston Spa vind Saratoga. At the eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the head of 

a deep bay, is Sacket's Harbour, an important naval station during the three 

years' war ; and on the Black river, 7 miles from its mouth, is the flourishing 

village of VVatertown, with about 4000 inhabitants. The water-power derived 

from the river is computed at 10,000 cubic feet ; the fall is 88 feet in a mile, and 

forms an immense hydraulic power, which is just beginning to be used ; here are 

a number of mills and factories of different kinds. 

Up the valley of the Mohawk, and along the line of the canal and its branches, 
are a number of cities and towns, which have sprung up, as if by enchantment, 
in the bosom of a wilderness. Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Oswego, Auburn, 
Ithaca, Seneca, Canandaigua, Rochester, Lockport, and Buffalo, are the princi- 
pal. The city of Schenectady, situated in the midst of a fertile tract, affording 
numerous mill-seats, traversed by the canal, and connected by rail-roads with 
Albany, Saratoga, and Utica, has an extensive and increasing trade, and some 
manufactures. It is the seat of Union College, one of the principal collegiate 
institutions in the State. Population in 1840, 6784. 

Upwards of 90 miles north-west from Albany, on the Erie canal, is the city of 
Utica. In 1794, the spot contained only four or five log houses, in the midst of 
a wilderness : in 1840, the city had a population of 12,782 souls, 18 churches, a 
court-house, offices for the clerks of the Supreme and United States' Courts, an ex- 
J change, 2 academies, the Utica library, apprentices' library, museum, Protestant 
and Roman Catholic orphan asylums, and various other charitable institutions; 4 
banks, a savings bank, mutual insurance company, and 1600 dwellings : it dates 
its prosperity from the completion of the Erie canal. 

Still farther west, on the canal, are the villages of Salina, Syracuse, Geddes, 
and Liverpool, the seat of the Onondaga salt-springs, which are the property of 
the State : the manufacturers pay a duty of six cents a bushel, and, in the year 
1840, made 622,335 bushels, much of which is sent out of the State. The 
works are capable of producing 3,000,000 bushels a year. Population of Syra- 
cuse in 1840, 6500 ; of Salina, 2600. From Syracuse, a branch canal extends to 
I Oswego, on Lake Ontario, one of the most flourishing villages in the State : the 
j river of the same name furnishes an inexhaustible water-power, which is very 
, extensively employed for useful purposes, and an excellent harbour, protected by 
\ piers, constructed by the general government. Since the opening of the Welland 
I canal, a considerable portion of the trade of the upper lakes, as well as that of 
Lake Ontario, enters at Oswego, and large quantities of wheat are brought in to 
i be ground here. The population of the village more than doubled between 1830 
I and 1840, having increased from 2117 to 4500 inhabitants. 

I Rochester, situated on the Genesee river, seven miles from its mouth, and 
[traversed by the Erie canal, is a flourishing town. The river has here a fall of 
I upwards of 90 feet, and, a few miles below, it descends by a fall of 75 feet to the 
I level of Lake Ontario. The water-power thus produced is immense, and there 
' are now in the city 22 large flour-mills, several cotton and woollen manufactories, 
I and a great number of other manufacturing establishments. The aqueduct over 
I the river is upheld by ten arches of hewn stone. The population increased from 
il502 in 1820, to 20,191 in 1840. The city contains 23 churches, 6 banks, a 
j savings bank, museum, a collegiate institute, and various other institutions. 
The city of Buffalo, at the western termination of the canal, has a harbour 



NEW JERSEY. 37 



on Lake Erie, protected by a long pier. The city is well built and finely situated, 
overlooking the lake; and it contains a great number of large warehouses and 
manufactories. The population in 1820 was 2095; in 1830, 6321 ; and in 1840, 
18,213. The lake-trade is very extensive. In 1817, there were but 25 vessels, 
and no steamboat, on Lake Erie; and in 1840 they amounted to 360 sloops, 
schooners and brigs, and 60 steamboats, most of which exceeded 200 tons bur- 
then; beside several ships, &c. Buffalo contains, in addition to its numerous 
churches, an exchange, a theatre, orphan asylum, young men's association, &c. 
Ithaca, at the head of Caynga Lake, increased its population from 3324 in 1830, 
to 5650 in 1840. By the Owego rail-road, it is connected with the Susquehanna, 
and, by the lake, with the Erie canal and tide-water. Its situation is highly pic- 
turesque. There are numerous manufacturing establishments here. 



STATE OF NEW JERSEY 



The State of New Jersey is bounded north by New York, east by the Atlantic 
Ocean and New York, south by Delaware Bay, and west by Pennsylvania. It is 
138 miles in length, and 50 miles in breadth ; the area is about 6600 square miles. 
The soil of this State is not naturally well adapted to agricultural pursuits, much 
of the land being either sandy or marshy ; yet its proximity to two of the largest 
markets in the United States, and the industry of the inhabitants, have rendered 
It exceedingly productive of all sorts of grain, fruits, and vegetables, common to 
the climate. New Jersey is intersected by many navigable rivers, and has numer- 
ous streams for mills, iron-works, and every species of manufactures requiring 
water-power. The principal of these streams are the Raritan, Hackensack, Pas- 
saic, Salem, Tom, Cohanzey, and Maurice rivers. 

New Jersey abounds in valuable iron ores; rich veins of zinc ore occur in the 
northern part of the State ; copper also abounds, and has been extensively worked. 
The greater part of the sandy tract is covered with extensive pine forests, which 
have afforded supplies of fuel for the numerous furnaces of the State, and the 
steamboats of the neighbouring waters ; the middle section is the most highly 
improved and wealthy part of the State, being divided into small farms "and 
kitchen-gardens, which are carefully cultivated, the produce of which finds a ready 
market in the manufacturing towns of the district, and in the great cities of the 
adjacent States. The northern counties contain much good pasture-land, with 
numerous fine farms. The apples and cider of the north are as noted for their 
superior quality as the peaches of the south. The industry of the inhabitants is 
chiefly devoted to agriculture, commerce being mostly carried on through the 
ports of New York and Pennsylvania ; the north-eastern corner is, however, the 
seat of flourishing manufactures. The shad and oyster fisheries in the rivers and 
great estuaries that border on the State, afford a profitable employment to many 
of the^nhabitants. 

The population of New Jersey, in 1790, was 184,189; in 1800, 211,149; in 
1810, 245,592 ; in 1820, 277,575 ; in 1830, 320,779 ; in 1840, 373,306. Of these, 
177,055 were white males; 174,533, white females; 10,780 were free coloured 
males; 10,261, free coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 56,701; in 
commerce, 2283; in manufactures and trades, 27,004; in mining, 266; in navi- 
gating the ocean, 1143; in navigating rivers and canals, 1625;° in the learned 
professions, 1627. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 70,502 horses and mules; 220,202 neat cat- 
tle; 219,285 sheep; 261,443 swine. There were produced, 774,203 bushels of 
wheat; 1,665,820 of rye; 4,361,975 of Indian corn; 3,083,524 of oats; 12,501 
of barley; 856,117 of buckwheat; 2,072,069 of potatoes; 397,207 pounds of 
wool ; 1966 of silk cocoons. The products of the dairy amounted to $1,328,032 ; 
of the orchard, to $464,006; of lumber, to $271,591 ; 9416 gallons of wine were 
made. 

The home-made or family manufactures amounted to $201,625; 31 woollen 
manufactories, and 49 fulling-mills, produced goods to the amount of $440,710, 



38 UNITED STATES. 



employing a capital of $314,650; 43 cotton factories produced article^ to the 
amount of $2,086,104, employing a capital of $1,722,810; hats and caps were 
manufactured to the amount of $1,181,562; saddles, boots, shoes, &c., were pro- 
duced to the amount of $1,582,740; 64 flouring-aiills manufactured 168,797 bar- 
rels of flour, and, with other mills, employed a capital of $2,641,200 ; ships were 
built to the amount of $334,240 ; capital employed in the fisheries, $93,275. The 
total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $11,517,582. 

The College of New Jersey, or Nassau Hall, at Princeton, is one of the oldest 
and most distinguished in the country, and has educated many eminent men. At 
the same place is the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, mere 
recently founded, but equally distinguished. Rutgers College, in New Bruns- 
wick, was founded in 1770, and latterly has been flourishing. Connected with 
it is the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, founded in 1784, 
which is respectable. In these institutions there were, in 1840, 433 students; 
there were in the State 66 academies, with 3027 students, and 1207 common and 
primary schools, with 52,583 scholars. There were 6385 white persons, over 20 
years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

In 1835, the Presbyterians had 100 churches, and 105 ministers; the Dutch 
Reformed had 48 churches, and 42 ministers ; the Episcopalians had 35 churches, 
1 bishop, and 29 ministers; the Methodists had 64 ministers, and about twice as 
many congregations ; the Baptists in 1832 had 61 churches, and 54 ordained 
ministers ; the Friends had 67 meetings ; the Roman Catholics had 4 ministers. 
There are also Congreo-ationalists, Universalists, and others. 

There are several important works of internal improvement in this State. The 
Morris canal proceeds from Jersey city, opposite to New York, westwardly, 101^ 
miles, to Easton, Pa. The Delaware and Hudson canal commences at Borden- 
tovvn, proceeds north-west to Trenton, and thence north-east to New Brunswick, 
on the Raritan river. The Camden and Amboy rail-road commences at Camden, 
opposite to Philadelphia, and proceeds north-east to Amboy, 61 miles; it has a 
branch from Bordentown to Trenton, 8 miles, and another from Craft's Creek to 
Jobstown, 13 miles. The Paterson and Hudson rail-road proceeds from Jersey 
city to Paterson, 16| miles. The New Jersey rail-road proceeds from Jersey 
city, tlirough Newark, 34 miles, to New Brunswick ; here it joins the New 
Brunswick and Trenton rail-road, which connects the two places, 27 miles dis- 
tant. The Morris and Essex rail-road extends from Newark, 22 miles, to Morris- 
town. A rail-road extends from Elizabethport, 25 miles, to Somerville. 

The city of Trenton, on the east bank of the Delaware, at the head of sloop 
navigation, is the capital of the State. It is regularly laid out, and contains the 
State-house, State-prison, and seven churches. A wooden bridge, 1100 feet in 
length, here crosses the river, just below the falls ; and the Delaware and Raritan 
canal passes through the city. The falls afford extensive water-power for manu- 
facturing purposes, and there are ten mills and manufactories in the vicinity. 
Population, 4035. Ten miles from Trenton is the village of Princeton, the seat 
of New Jersey College, and celebrated in the revolutionary history for thef' action 
of January 3d, 1777. Population, 3055. 

The city of New Brunswick, at the head of sloop navigation on the Raritan, 
and at the termination of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, is the depot of the 
produce of a fertile district, and a place of considerable trade. The upper streets 
are spacious and handsome, and command a fine prospect. Here are Rutgers 
College, and a theological seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church. Population 
in 1840, 8693. It contains 8 churches, 2 banks, 120 stores, and 800 dwellings. 

At the mouth of the Raritan stands the city of Amboy, or Perth Amboy, with 
a good harbour, which is, however, little used. Elizabethtown is a pretty 
and thriving town near Newark Bay, with about 2500 inhabitants ; it contains 
several manufactories, mills, &c. It is intersected by two rail-roads. 

The city of Newark, the largest and most important town in New Jersey, 
stands on the Passaic, three miles from Newark Bay, and has easy communication 
with New York by means of steamboats and the New Jersey rail-road ; the Morris 
canal also passes through the city. Newark is prettily situated and well built. 



I 



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PENNSYLVANIA. 39 



with spacious streets and handsome houses, many of which are ornamented with 
fine shade-trees. The manufactures are extensive ; the capital employed in 1840 
amounted to $1,511,339. Carriages, shoes and boots, cutlery, saddlery, jewelry, 
hats, furniture, &c., are among tlie articles produced. The population in 1830 
was 10,953, and in 1840, 17,290. Paterson, at the falls of the Passaic, is one 
of the principal manufacturing towns in the country; it has an immense water- 
power, which is extensively applied to economical purposes. Here are cotton- 
mills, with numerous other works, such as paper-mills, machine-shops, button 
factories, iron and brass founderies, nail factories, woollen-mills, &c. The town 
contains nine churches, a philosophical society, and also a mechanics' society 
for improvement in the mechanic arts. Population, 7596. 

Below Trenton, on the Delaware, is Bordentown, pleasantly situated on ele- 
vated ground overlooking the river, and standing at the termination of the Dela- 
ware and Raritan canal. Population, about 1800. The city of Burlington, below 
Bordentown, is also a neat little town, situated on the bank of the river, with 
3434 inhabitants. Steamboats from Philadelphia touch at these places several 
times a day. The city of Camden, opposite to Philadelphia, carries on some 
branches of manufacturing industry; several steam ferry-boats are constantly 
plying between the two cities. It contains 6 churches, an academy, bank, court- 
house, &c. Population in 1840, 3,371 ; in 1845, 4306, with 836 dwellings. 

Woodbury, 7 miles south of Camden, is connected with the latter by a rail- 
road ; it is a neat village of 120 dwellings, and about 800 inhabitants. Salem, 
on Salem creek, 35 miles south of Camden, is a town of 250 houses, and had a 
population in 1840 of 2007 inhabitants. It was founded in 1675, and was the 
first place that was settled by English emigrants in West Jersey. 



COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, 

This State, which, from her central position, her dimensions, her natural re- 
sources, her great lines of communication, and her population, may rank as one 
of the most important in the Union, is bounded on the north by New York and 
Lake Erie, east by New Jersey, scuth-east by Delaware, south by Maryland and 
Virginia, and west by part of Virginia and Ohio. Its greatest length, from east 
to west, is 307 miles, and its breadth 157; area, 46,000 square miles. 

The principal rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehanna, 
Juniata, Alleghany, Monongahela, and Ohio. The various ridges of the Alle- 
ghany range, whose general direction is from south-west to north-east, intersect 
the central parts of this State. The valleys between many of these ridges are 
often of a rich black soil, suited well to the various kinds of grass and grain. 
Some of the mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits. No State 
in the Union shows to the traveller a richer agriculture than Pennsylvania. It 
is emphatically a grain country, raising the finest wheat. It produces all the 
fruits and productions of the norlliern and middle States, and is particularly 
famous for the size and excellence of its breed of draught horses. 

The inhabitants of Pennsylvania, though composed of all nations, are distin- 
guished for their habits of order, industry, and frugality. The passing stranger, 
as he traverses the State, is struck with the noble roads and public works, with 
the well-cultivated farms, and their commodious and durable stone houses, and 
often still larger stone barns. An agricultural country, alike charming and rich, 
spreads under his eye. 

The mineral wealth of Pennsylvania is very great. Coal, iron, and salt, occur 
in vast quantities. The coal of Pennsylvania is of two kinds, the anthracite and 
bituminous, which are quite distinct in their qualities and localities. The first is 
found in the eastern part of the State, between the Delaware and Susquehanna 
rivers, and is estimated to cover an extent of about 624,000 acres. The bitumi- 
nous coal is found in the western parts of the Stale, on the Ohio, Alleghany, and 
other rivers in that region. 

Iron-ore of an excellent quality is abundant, and extensively wrought. The 
— — - X 



40 UNITED STATES. 



iron-mines in the eastern part of the State were explored and worked at an early 
period of colonial settlement, and had become an interest of value before the 
Revolution. Since the peace of 1783, with much fluctuation, iron has at all times 
employed in Pennsylvania a considerable amount of capital and labour; whilst 
the recent successful application of anthracite coal to the fusion of the ore, and 
the abundance of both materials in close proximity, promise a vast extension of 
the business. 

The population in 1790 was 434,373; in 1800, 602,545; in 1810, 810,091 ; in 
1820, 1,049,313; in 1830, 1,346,672; in 1840, 1,724,033. Of these, 884,770 
were white males; 831,345, white females; 22,752 were coloured males; 25,102, 
coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 207,533; in commerce, 15,338; in 
manufactures and trades, 105,883; in mining, 4603; in navigating the ocean, 
1815; in navigating canals, rivers and lakes, 3951 ; in the learned professions, 
6706. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 361,558 horses apd mules; 1,161,576 neat 
cattle; 1,755,597 sheep ; 1,485,360 swine. Poultry was produced to the amount 
of $681,979. There were produced, 12,993,218 bushels of wheat; 6,544,654 of 
rye; 2,096,016 of buckwheat; 14,077,363 of Indian corn; 206,858 of barley; 
20,485,744 of oats; 9,477,343 of potatoes ; 3,028,657 pounds of wool ; 48,694 of 
hops; "325,018 of tobacco; 2,265,755 of sugar ; 7262 of silk cocoons ; 1,302,685 
tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at $3,152,987; of the orch- 
ard, at $610,512; of lumber, at $1,146,355. There were made 14,328 gallons 
of wine. 

The exports for the year ending September 30th, 1841, were $5,152,501, and 
the imports $10,346,698. The tonnage entered was 99,385 ; and cleared,-83,523 
tons. 

The manufactures of Pennsylvania are extensive. According to the census of 
1840, home-made or family manufactures amounted to $1,292,429; 235 woollen 
manufactories and 337 fulling-mills produced articles to the amount of $2,298,861, 
employing a capital of $1,500,546; 106 cotton manufactories produced articles to 
the amount of $5,013,007, employing a capital of $3,325,400; 2997 persons pro- 
duced 859,686 tons of anthracite coal, with a capital of $4,334,102 ; 1798 persons 
produced 11,620,654 bushels of bituminous coal, with a capital of $300,416; 213 
furnaces produced 98,395 tons cast-iron, and 169 forges, &c. produced 87,244 tons 
of bar-iron, employing a capital of $7,781,471 ; 1149 tanneries, and 2132 other 
manufactories, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the amount of $3,453,243, 
employing a capital of $3,979,459 ; 30 powder-mills manufactured 1,184,225 
pounds of powder, employing a capital of $66,800; drugs, paints, &c., were pro- 
duced to the amount of $2,100,074; 28 glass-houses and 15 glass-cutting estab- 
blishments produced articles to the amount of $772,400, employing a capital of 
$714,100; machinery was produced to the value of $1,993,752; precious metals 
to the value of $2,679,075; 1005 distilleries produced 6,228,768 gallons of dis- 
tilled spirits; 87 breweries produced 12,765,974 gallons of beer, employing a 
capital of $1,585,771 ; 725 flouring-mills produced 1,181,530 barrels of flour, and 
with other mills produced articles to the amount of $9,232,515, employing a 
capital of $7,779,784. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in 
the State, was $31,815,105. 

The colleges are numerous. The University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, 
was founded in 1755 ; Dickinson College, in Carlisle, in 1783 ; Jefferson College, 
in Canonsburg, in 1802; Washington College, in Washington, in 1806; Alle- 
ghany College, in Meadville, in 1815 ; Pennsylvania College, in Gettysburg, in 
1832 ; La Fayette College, in Easton, 1832; Marshall College, at Mereersburg, 
1836. Besides these, are the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, founded at Philadelphia, in 1765; Jefferson Medical College, at Philadel- 
phia, in 1824; the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, at Philadelphia, 
in 1839; the Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church, at Gettysburg, in 
1826 ; the Seminary of the German Reformed Church, at York, in 1825 ; the 
Western Theological Seminary, at Canonsburg, and the Theological Seminary 
at Pittsburg. In all these seminaries there were, in 1840, 2034 students. There 



PENNSYLVANIA. 41 

were in the State 290 academies, with 15,970 students; and 4968 common and 
primary schools, with 179,989 scholars. There were 33,940 white persons, over 
20 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

Of the religious denominations, the Presbyterians, including the Associate 
Reformed, had, in 1836, 400 ministers; the Methodists, 250; the Baptists, 140; 
the German Reformed, 73 ; the Episcopalians, 70 ; the Friends, 150 congrega- 
tions. Besides these, there are several other denominations which are less 
numerous. 

By a splendid course of internal improvements, Pennsylvania has greatly 
extended and facilitated Tier trade, but has contracted the largest debt of any State 
in the Union which she is abundantly able to discharge, but can only do it by mode- 
rate taxation. The central division of the Pennsylvania canal commences at the ter- 
mination of the Columbia and Philadelphia rail-road, at Columbia, and extends 
along the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers, 172 miles, to Hollidaysburg, where it 
passes over the Alleghany mountain by a rail-road. The western division of the 
Pennsylvania canal extends from Johnstown to Pittsburg,104 miles. This completes 
the line of rail-roads from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 395 miles. A canal extends 
from the Pennsylvania canal, at the mouth of the Juniata river, and proceeds 39 
miles to Northumberland, where it connects with the North and West Branch 
canals. The West Branch canal extends from Northumberland, along the West 
branch of the Susquehanna river, 75 miles, to Farrandsville, in Clinton county, 
reaching the bituminous coal-fields in that vicinity. The North Branch division 
extends from Northumberland, 73 miles, to a little above Wilkesbarre. The 
Delaware division of the Pennsylvania canal extends from the tide-water at Bris- 
tol, 20 miles above Philadelphia, to Easton, at the mouth of the Lehigh, where it 
joins the navigation of the Lehigh company, extending to the coal region, 25 
miles. The Schuylkill navigation commences at the Fairmount dam, near Phila- 
delphia, and extends to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill county, the heart of the 
anthracite coal region. The Union canal extends from the Schuylkill, near Read- 
ing, to Middletown, on the Susquehanna, 82 miles ; it has a navigable feeder of 
23 miles on Swatara creek, which communicates with the coal region. The Sus- 
quehanna or Tidewater canal commences at Wrightsville, opposite to Columbia, 
and extends 45 miles to Havre-de-Grace, in Maryland, and connects the Penn- 
sylvania canal with the tide-water of Chesapeake bay. The Philadelphia and 
Reading rail-road extends from the west side of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, 
to Pottsville, in Schuylkill county, 90 miles, giving ready access to the coal region. 
There are many minor rail-roads, which have relation to the transportation of 
coal. The Alleghany Portage rail-road extends from Hollidaysburg to Johns- 
town, 36^ miles, and connects the eastern and western divisions of the Pennsyl- 
vania canal. The Philadelphia and Columbia rail-road, one of the most import- 
ant in the State, extends from Philadelphia, 82 miles, to Columbia on the Sus- 
quehanna. A rail-road extends through the south-eastern part of the State, leading 
from New York to Baltimore and Washington. 

The city of Philadelphia, the principal city of the State, and one of the most 
regularly laid out and handsomely built in the world, stands between the Dela- 
ware and the Schuylkill rivers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 100 miles 
from the sea by the course of the former. It yields to none in the Union in the 
wealth, industry, and intelligence of its citizens. Philadelphia has the advantage 
of a double port, connected with very remote sections ; that on the Schuylkill is 
accessible to vessels of 300 tons, and is a great depot for the coal of the inte- 
rior; the other, on the Delaware, admits the largest merchant-vessels to the doors 
of the warehouses, and is spacious and secure. 

The streets are broad and straight, crossing each other at right angles, and 
dividing the city into numerous squares, some of which have been reserved for 
public walks, and are ornamented with fine shade and flowering trees. The 
dwelling-houses are neat and commodious, and the public buildings, generally 
constructed of white marble, are the most elegant in the country. Three bridges 
cross the Schuylkill ; the wire suspension bridge is remarkable for its light and 
beautiful appearance. Numerous steam-boats afford constant communication 

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31 



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42 UNITED STATES. 



with Baltimore and New York, and, with the rail-roads into the interior, render 
this city the great thoroughfare between the north and south, and the east and 
west. 

Philadelphia includes the City Proper, with Southwark, Moyamensing, and 
Passyunk, on the south ; and Kensington, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, and 
Penn Township, on the north ; having a population, in 1790, of 42,520; in 1810, 
of 96,664; in 1830, of 167,811 ; and in 1840, of 228,690. 

The manufactures of Philadelphia are various and extensive : her foreign com- 
merce is considerable, the arrivals from foreign ports in 1835 having been 429, 
and the value of her imports being $5,000,000 a year; her inland commerce is 
also very extensive, and rapidly increasing, in consequence of the facilities afford- 
ed by the numerou's canals and rail-roads that centre here, affording an easy com- 
munication with all sections of the State, and with the great western valley. 
There are about 500,000 barrels of flour and 3600 hogsheads of tobacco inspected, 
and upwards of 800,000 bushels of grain measured here, annually. 

The shipping belonging to the port in 1843, was 104,349 tons. There are in 
the city 14 banks, with a capital of $12,000,000. 

Philadelphia is noted for the number and excellence of its benevolent institu- 
tions. Among these are the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Dispensary, Wills' 
Hospital for the lame and blind ; the institutions for the deaf and dumb, and for 
the blind ; the Almshouse, Magdalen Asylum, Orphan Asylums, Girard College 
for Orphans, &c. The Society for alleviating the miseries of public prisons, has 
not only distinguished itself by its successful efforts in reforming the penal code 
of the State, but in improving the conditions of the prisons : the discipline adopt- 
ed by the influence of this society consists in solitary confinement with labour; 
and the penitentiaries of Pennsylvania are conducted on this plan. The learned 
institutions of Philadelphia are equally distinguished; they are the American 
Philosophical Society, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Pennsylvania His- 
torical Society, and the Franklin Institute ; all of which have published some 
valuable volumes. The medical schools are also much frequented, and highly 
celebrated. The City Library, including the Loganian collection, consists of 
53,000 volumes. There is also an Academy of Fine Arts here. Free schools 
are supported at the public charge, and educated, in 1843, 33,130 scholars, at an 
expense of $192,000. The principal public buildings are the Custom-house, late 
the United States Bank, on the model of the Parthenon, and the Pennsylvania 
Bank, of the Ionic order, both elegant specimens of classical architecture ; the 
Mint, a handsome building, with Ionic porticoes 62 feet long on each front; the 
Exchange, 95 feet by 114, containing a spacious hall, news-room, the post-ofl[ice, 
&c. ; the Girard Bank; the Girard College, a splendid structure, HI feet by 169, 
with a colonnade of Grecian Corinthian columns entirely surrounding it. All of 
these buildings are of white marble. 

The United States Marine Asylum, capable of accommodating 400 men, with 
a front of 385 feet; the Almshouse, on the west bank of the Schuylkill, consist- 
ing of four distinct buildings, with nearly 400 rooms; the State-house, interesting 
from its having been the place where the Declaration of Independence was adopt- 
ed and promulgated; the United States Arsenal, &c., also deserve mention. 
There are here 144 churches and places of public worship, including 3 syna- 
gogues. The State penitentiary and the county prison are not less remarkable 
for their architecture, than for their discipline. The county prison, built of Quincy 
granite, has a front of 310 feet, by 525 in depth. There is a navy-yard here, but 
ships of war of the largest class cannot ascend to the city with their armament. 
The inhabitants are liberally supplied with water, raised from the Schuylkill 
river, by the Fairmount works, constructed at an expense of $432,500; the daily 
consumption in summer is about 4,500,000 gallons, and supplies 26,549 tenants. 
Recently, the corporations of Spring Garden and the Northern Liberties have 
completed a similar work, on a smaller scale, for the supply of their districts with 
water independent of the city. The city proper and the Northern Liberties are 
lighted with gas, and the district of Kensington is about to be illuminated, in the 
same manner. 






PENNSYLVANIA. 






Frankford and Germantown are flourishing towns in the vicinity of Philadel- 
phia. The former contains several manufacturing establishments, incliidinn col- 
ton-mills, calico-print works, &c. Near it are an arsenal of the United iStates, 
and a lunatic asylum belonging to the Friends. Germantown is a flourishing and 
pleasant town, with 5482 inhabitants, containing a bank, some manufactures, &c. 
The other most important places in Pennsylvania are Lancaster city, Harrisburg, 
Reading, Easton, and Pottsville, in the eastern section of the State ; in the west- 
ern are Pittsburgh, Beaver, &c. 

The city of Lancaster, 62 miles west of Philadelphia, pleasantly situated in thi 
fertile and highly cultivated Conestoga valley, is one of the handsomest in the 
State: the streets are regular, and among the public buildings are 12 churches^, 
an academy, &c. Its trade is extensive, and the manufactures various and ccn- 
siderable; it is noted for the superior quality of its rifles, coaches, rail-road cars, 
stockings, saddlery, &c. The population amounts to 8417. Lancaster is con- 
nected with Philadelphia and Harrisburg by rail-roads, and with the Susquehann;i. 
below Columbia, by a canal. 

Harrisburg, the capital of the State, stands on the left bank of the Susque- 
hanna. The State-house is a neat and commodious building, from the cupola ol 
which is one of the finest panoramic views in the United States. Here are also 
a court-house, and a number of churches. Population in 1840, 5980. Beyond 
the Susquehanna are the thriving towns of Carlisle and Chambersburg ; the former 
containing 4351, and the latter 4030 inhabitants. Carlisle is the seat of Dickin- 
son College. 

Reading, about 50 miles north-west from Philadelphia, is a prosperous town on 
the left bank of the Schuylkill, and at the termination of the Union canal. The 
town was laid out in 1748 by Thomas and Richard Penn, governors and proprie- 
tors of the province ; it is regularly built, and was originally settled by Germans ; 
several newspapers are still printed in that language, though English is generally 
understood. More than 50,000 dozen wool hats have been manufactured here in 
a year, for the southern and western markets ; nails are also made to a consider- 
able extent. Population, 8410. 

Easton, at the confluence of the Lehigh and the Delaware, and the termination 
of the Morris canal, is one of the most flourishing inland towns in the State. In 
its immediate neighbourhood are numerous flour-mills, oil-mills, saw-mills, &c. 
The situation is highly picturesque, and it contains 2 banks, 5 churches, and La 
Fayette College, founded in 1832, which has 154 students. The population in 
1840 was 4865. Pottsville is situated in a wild district on the Schuylkill, in the 
midst of the coal region. It contains many handsome dwellings, and its popu- 
lation, which in 1825 did not exceed 300, amounted in 1840 to 4345. Mauch 
Chunk, first settled in 1821, is also built on very broken ground ; but, in addition 
to the coal trade, it enjoys the advantage of an extensive water-power, which is 
used for manufacturing purposes ; and its population at present exceeds 1800. 
Wilkesbarre stands in the delightful valley of Wyoming, whose rural beauty and 
peaceful shades, once stained with blood and desolated with fire, have been con- 
secrated by the deathless muse. The population of "Wilkesbarre in 1840 was 1718. 

Pittsburg, the principal city of Western Pennsylvania, is built at the junction 
of the Monongahela and the Alleghany. The city proper includes only .the tract 
between the rivers ; but, as the towns of Alleghanytown, Birmingham, &c., really 
form a part of Pittsburg, they must properly be included in its description. Per- 
haps its site is unrivalled in the world, commanding a navigation of about 50,000 
miles, which gives it access to the most fertile region on the face of the globe, 
surrounded by inexhaustible beds of the most useful minerals. Connected by 
artificial works which top the great natural barrier on the east, with the three 
principal cities of the Atlantic border on one side ; and by others, not less exten- 
sive, with those great inland seas that already bear on their bosoms the trade of 
industrious millions, Pittsburg is doubtless destined to become one of the most 
important centres of population, industry and wealth, in the United States. The 
population of the place, in 1800, was about 1600; in 1820, 10,000; in 1830, 
12,568 ; and, according to the census of 1840, 21,115. There are here 20 large 

16 



44 



UNITED STATES. 



"1 



founderies and engine factories, with numerous small works ; rolling-mills, cotton 
establishments, white-lead factories, breweries, saw and grist-mills, glass-works, 
with brass founderies, steel manufactories, tanneries, salt-works, paper-mills, 
manufactories of cutlery and agricultural implements, &c., are among the 374 
manufacturing establishments of Pittsburg. The city is regularly built; but the 
clouds of smoke in which it is constantly enveloped, give it rather a dingy ap- 
pearance. Among the public establishments here, are the Alleghany arsenal, 
belonging to the United States; the Western Penitentiary of the State, the West- 
ern University, a Presbyterian and a Reformed theological seminary, 35 churches 
and places of worship, 60 common and 12 select schools, &c. A steam-engine 
supplies the city with 3,000,000 gallons of water daily. One of the most destruc- 
tive fires that has occurred in the United States, took place here on the 17th of 
April, 1845. About 1000 buildings were consumed, besides a great amount of 
merchandise. The entire loss is estimated at from six to nine million dollars. 

In the district to the south of Pittsburg, Washington, Brownsville, and Union, 
are thrivingr towns. Canonsburtj is the seat of Jefferson Collegfe. Below Pitts- 
burg is the borough of Beaver, at the mouth of Beaver river; in the vicinity are 
several small but thriving towns, which are indebted for their prosperity to the 
great water-power afforded by the falls of that stream. Numerous mills and 
manufacturing establishments have recently been erected on both sides of the 
river, and the whole population of the neighbourhood is about 5000. The falls 
are 5 miles from the Ohio river; their descent is about 69 feet. Fallston and 
New Brighton at their foot, and Brighton and Sharon lower down, are all within 
a short distance from each other. 

Erie, on the lake of the same name, is important on account of its harbour, 
which is protected by several piers. This place is increasing rapidly, and bids 
fair to become of considerable commercial importance. By the completion of the 
Erie extension of the Pennsylvania canal, it is now connected with Pittsburg, on 
the Ohio river. Population, 3412. 



STATE OF DELAWARE. 

The boundaries of this State are, on the north, Pennsylvania; on the south, 
Maryland ; on the east, Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean ; and, on the west, 
Pennsylvania and Maryland. 

The extent from north to sonth is 90 miles ; from east to west, 25 miles ; area 
in square miles, 2120. The principal streams, besides the Delaware, which forms 
a part of its boundary, are Brandywine creek, Christiana creek. Duck creek. Mis- 
pillion creek, and Indian, Choptank, and Nanticoke rivers. 

The general aspect of Delaware is that of an extended plain, mostly favourable 
for cultivation. On the table-land forming the dividing ridge between the Dela- 
ware and Chesapeake Bays, is a chain of swamps, from which the waters descend 
in one direction to Chesapeake, and in the other to Delaware Bay. The upper 
part of the State is generally a fine tract of country, and well adapted to the 
growing of wheat and other grains. The staple commodity, however, is wheat, 
which is produced of a superior quality. Brandywine creek, in the upper part of 
the State, furnishes water-power for great and growing manufacturing establish- 
ments. The chief articles are flour, cottons, woollens, paper, and gunpowder. 
Delaware contains but few minerals; in the county of Sussex, and among the 
branches of the Nanticoke, are large quantities of bog iron-ore, well adapted for 
casting; but it is not wrought to any extent. 

The population of Delaware in 1790 was 59,094; in 1800, 64,272; in 1810, 
72,674 ; in 1820, 72,749 ; in 1830, 76,739 ; in 1840, 78,085. Of these, 2605 were 
slaves; 29,259 were white males; 29,302, white females; 8626, free coloured 
males; 8293, free coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 16,015; in com- 
merce, 467 ; in manufactures and trades, 4060 ; navigating the ocean, 401 ; navi- 
gating rivers and canals, 235; in the learned professions and engineers, 199. 






DELAWARE. 



45 



In this State there were, in 1840, 14,421 horses and mules ; 58,833 neat cattle ; 
39,247 sheep; 74,228 swine; poultry was valued at/ $47,205. There were pro- 
duced, 315,165 bushels of wheat; 33,546 of rye; 2,099,359 of Indian corn; 
927,405 of oats ; 5260 of barley ; 11,299 of buckwheat, and 200,712 of potatoes ; 
22,483 tons of hay ; 64,404 pounds of wool ; 1458 of silk cocoons. The products 
of the dairy amounted to $1 13,828 ; and of the orchard, to $28,21 1. The exports 
in 1840 amounted to $37,001, and the imports to $802. Capital employed in the 
fisheries, $;170,000. 

The manufactures of Delaware are more extensive than its commerce. Home- 
made or family goods were produced to the amount of $62,116; 2 woollen facto- 
ries produced articles to the amount of $104,700, employing a capital of $107,000 ; 
1 1 cotton factories produced articles to the value of $332,272, employing a capital 
of $330,500; 18 tanneries employed a capital of $89,300; 75 other manufactories 
of leather, as saddleries, &c., manufactured articles to the amount of $166,037, 
employing a capital of $161,630; 27 powder-mills manufactured 2,100,000 pounds 
of gunpowder, employing a capital of $220,000; 21 flouring-mills manufactured 
76,194 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of 
$737,971, employing a capital of $291,150; ships were built to the amount of 
$35,400. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $1,589,212. 

There is but one college in the State — Newark College, at Newark, founded 
in 1833; it has 100 students, and a library of 3500 volumes. There were, in 
1840, 20 academies in the State, with 761 students, and 152 primary and common 
schools, with 6924 scholars ; there were in the State 4832 white persons, above 
the age of 20, who could neither read nor write. 

Of the principal religious denominations, the Presbyterians, in 1836, had 15 
ministers; the Methodists, 15; the Episcopalians, 6 ministers; the Baptists had 
9 churches, and 5 ministers; the Roman Catholics had 2 ministers. There were 
also some few Friends. 

Several important works of internal improvement have been completed. The 
Chesapeake and Delaware canal commences at Delaware city, on the Delaware 
river, and extends 14 miles to Back creek, a tributary of Elk river. It is 60 feet 
wide at the top, and 10 feet deep; has two lift and two tide-locks, 100 feet by 22 
feet in the chamber; completed in 1829, and cost $2,750,000. It is navigable for 
sloops and steamboats. The New Castle and Frenchtown rail-road extends from 
New Castle, on the Delaware, 35 miles below Philadelphia, to Frenchtown, on 
the Elk river, which enters Chesapeake Bay. It is 16J miles, and connects with 
steamboats on the Delaware and Chesapeake. 

The city of Wilmington, pleasantly situated near the junction of the Brandy- 
wine and Christiana, is a well-built, growing town, and the most important in the 
State. It contains an arsenal, hospital, 16 churches, &c., and is supplied with 
water by water-works on the Brandywine. Its trade is considerable, and it sends 
several ships to the whale-fishery. In the immediate vicinity there are about 100 
mills and manufactories, producing flour, paper, iron-ware, powder, and cotton 
and woollen goods ; the Brandywine flour-mills are among the most extensive in 
the Unit'.d States. Population in 1840, 8367. New Castle, below Wilmington, 
is at the eastern termination of the rail-road to Frenchtown ; it contains about 
1200 inhabitants. Dover, the seat of government, contains the State-house, and 
about 600 inhabitants. Lewistown is a village near Cape Henlopen, in front of 
which has been erected the Delaware Breakwater. The work consists of two 
piers, an ice-breaker 1500 feet in length, and a breakwater 3600 feet long; cost, 
$2,216,950. 



STATE OF MARYLAND. 

Maryland is bounded north by Pennsylvania and Delaware ; east by Dela- 
ware and the Atlantic ; south-west and west by Virginia. Length 196 miles, and 
120 miles in breadth; area in square miles 10,950, in acres 7,008,000. The 
principal rivers are the Potomac, which divides it from Virginia; the Susque- 



46 UNITED STATES. 



hanna, Patapsco, Pawtuxent, Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and 
Pocoinoko. 

The maritime part of this State is penetrated far into the interior by Chesa- 
peake Bay, as a vast river dividing it into two distinct portions, called the eastern 
and western shores. These shores include a level, low, and alluvial country, 
intersected by tide-water rivers and creeks, and, like the same tracts of country 
farther south, are subject to intermittents. Above the tide-waters, the land again 
becomes agreeably undulating. Beyond this commence the Alleghany moun- 
tains, with their numerous ridges; the valleys between them are of a loamy and 
rich soil, yielding fine wheat and all the productions of the middle, together with 
some of those of the southern States. The national road passes through the wide 
and fertile valleys in which Frederick and Hagerstown are situated, being broad 
belts of the same admirable soil which is seen in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. 
Among these mountains and hills the air is elastic, the climate salubrious, and 
the waters clear and transparent. 

In manufactures and commerce, Maryland sustains a very respectable rank ; 
numerous woollen and cotton-mills, copper and iron rolling-mills, are established 
in and near Baltimore, and are also scattered over other parts of the State. Flour 
and. tobacco are the staple productions; the exports of the former are very great, 
and, of the latter, the product is considerable and of excellent quality. The 
herring and shad fisheries are actively carried on, and yield valuable returns, con- 
stituting an important article of trade, as well as of home consumption; the com- 
merce of Maryland is extensive, and her ports serve as the outlets of large tracts 
of productive country in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the western States, whose 
consumption is also in part supplied through the same channels. 

The population in 1790 was 319,728 ; in 1800, 345,824; in 1810, 380,546; in 
1820,407,350; in 1830,446,913; in 1840,469,232, of whom 89,495 were slaves. 
Of the free population, 158,636 were white males, and 159,081 white females; 
29,173 were coloured males, and 32,847 coloured females. Employed in agri- 
culture, 60,851; in commerce, 3249; in manufactures and trades, 21,325; in 
navigating the ocean, 721 ; in navigating canals, rivers, &c., 1519 ; in the learned 
professions, 1647. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 92,920 horses and mules ; 225,714 neat cat- 
tle; 257,922 sheep; 416,943 swine; poultry was raised to the value of $218,765. 
There were produced, 3,345,783 bushels of wheat; 723,577 of rye; 8,233,086 of 
Indian corn ; 73,606 of buckwheat ; 3594 of barley ; 3,534,21 1 of oats ; 1,036,433 
of potatoes; 488,201 pounds of wool; 24,816,013 of tobacco; 5673 of cotton; 
2290 of silk cocoons; 36,266 of sugar; 106,687 tons of hay. The products of 
the dairy amounted to $457,456; of the orchard, to $105,740; of lumber, to 
$266,977 ; and 7585 gallons of wine were made. The exports of this State in 
1840 amounted to $5,768,768, and the imports to $4,910,746. 

Of the principal manufactures, home-made or family articles amounted to 
$176,050; 39 fulling-mills and 29 woollen manufactories produced articles to the 
amount of $325,900, employing a capital of $117,630 ; 21 cotton manufactories 
produced articles to the value of $1,150,580, employing a capital of $1,304,400 ; 
12 furnaces produced 8876 tons of cast-iron, and 17 furnaces produced 7901 tons 
of bar-iron, and employed a capital of $795,650; 73 distilleries produced 366,213 
gallons of spirits, and 11 breweries produced 828,140 gallons of beer, the whole 
employing a capital of 185,790; 408 saddleries and other manufactories of leather 
produced articles to the amount of $1,050,275, employing a capital of $434,127; 
189 flour-mills produced 446,708 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced 
articles to the amount of $3,267,250, and employed a capital of $4,069,671 ; ships 
were built to the amount of $279,771 ; capital employed. in the fisheries, $88,947. 
The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in this State was 
$6,450,284. 

St. John's College, at Annapolis, was founded in 1784. St. Mary's College, 
^t Baltimore, was founded by the Roman Catholics, in 1799. The Baltimore 
Medical School, founded in 1807; and in 1812 there were, added to it the faculties 
of general science, law, and divinity, and it received the name of the University 



MARYLAND. 47 



of Maryland. Mount St. Mary's College was established at Emmettsburg-, in 
1830, by the Roman Catholics. These institutions had, in 1840, 400 students. 
There were in the State 127 academies, or grammar-schools, with 4178 students ; 
and 507 common and primary schools, with 16,982 scholars. In this State there 
were, in 1840, 11,605 white persons, above 20 years of age, who could neither read 
nor write. 

Of religious denominations, the Roman Catholics are the most numerous. They 
have an archbishop, who is metropolitan of the United States, and 60 churches. 
The Episcopalians have 77 ministers; the Presbyterians have 25 ministers; the 
Baltimore Methodist conference, which extends into neighbouring States, has 172 
travelling preachers ; the Baptists have 20 ministers ; the German Reformed have 
9 ministers. There are also Lutherans, Friends, Unitarians, &c. 

Two of the greatest works of internal improvement in the United States have 
been projected and commenced in Maryland ; the first is the Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal, which commences at Georgetown, D. C, and is designed to extend 
341^ miles to Pittsburg. This is the work of a joint-stock company, chartered 
by the States of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, and sanctioned by Con- 
gress. It was commenced in 1828, and is completed to Hancock, 136 miles. 
Considerable work has been done between this and Cumberland, where a spacious 
basin is in process of erection. It is extended 7^ miles to Alexandria, on the 
southern part. A completion to Cumberland will open a vast and rich coal region. 
The Baltimore and Ohio rail-road is designed to extend from Baltimore to the 
Ohio river at Wheeling, 360 miles, and is the second great work. It was incor- 
porated by the legislatures of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, in 1827, and 
commenced July 4th, 1828. It is completed from Baltimore to Cumberland. 
There is a side-cut over 2^ miles to Frederick. A rail-road extends across 
the State, passing through Baltimore, and which forms part of the great chain 
from New York and Philadelphia to Washington. This road proceeds on the 
Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, 8 miles, from the former place. The Baltimore 
and Susquehanna rail-road extends 56 miles from Baltimore to York, Pa. A 
rail-road 19| miles long extends from the Baltimore and Washington rail-road to 
Annapolis. A rail-road extends from Frenchtown to New Castle, Del., connect- 
ing the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. The same is effected by a canal extend- 
ing from Back creek, a tributary of Elk river, to Delaware city, on the Delaware, 
42 miles below Philadelphia. It is 66 feet wide at the top, 10 feet deep, and 
affords a passage to vessels requiring that depth of water. 

Baltimore, the principal city of the State, and, in point of population, the third 
in the Union, stands on an arm of Patapsco Bay, about 14 miles from the Chesa- 
peake, and 200 from the sea, by the ship channel. The harbour is capacious and 
safe, and consists of an inner basin, into which vessels of 200 tons can enter, and 
an outer harbour, at Fell's Point, accessible to the largest merchant-ships. The 
entrance is commanded and defended by Fort M'Henry. Baltimore possesses 
nearly the whole trade of Maryland, that of part of Western Virginia and Penn- 
sylvania, and the Western States ; and its inland communication has been ex- 
tended and facilitated by the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. 
Manufactures of cotton, woollen, paper, powder, chemicals, pottery, &c., are also 
carried on in the city and neighbourhood. Baltimore is the greatest flour market 
in the world; in 1840, there were inspected 764,115 barrels, and 31,606 half 
barrels of flour. Its tonnage in 1840 was 76,022. The foreign trade employed 
a capital of $4,404,500; the retail trade, $6,708,611; and the manufactures, 
$2,729,983. Baltimore has 9 banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,500,000, 
and 9 insurance companies. The public buildings are 105 churches, 2 hospitals, 
2 theatres, a circus, museum, penitentiary, exchange, the college and university 
halls, &c. The Battle Monument, erected in memory of the successful defence 
of the city, when attacked by the British in 1814, is an elegant marble obelisk, 
35 feet high, on which are inscribed the names of those who fell in that gallant 
affair. The Washington Monument is the most splendid structure of the kind in 
the country ; it is a Doric column of white marble, with a circular staircase inside, 
by which you ascend to the top; the column is 180 feet in height, and 20 feet in 



16' 



48 UNITED STATES. 



diameter at bottom; it stands upon a base 23 feet high, and is surmounted by a 
colossal statue of the Father of his Country. The exchange is a large and hand- 
some edifice, 3G6 feet by 140; the Roman Catholic cathedral is, perhaps, the 
finest church in the country, and it contains some good paintings. The citizens 
of Baltimore are not more distinguished for their bold and persevering enterprise, 
than for hospitality and agreeable manners. In 1765, there were not more than 
fifty houses on the site of the city ; in 1800, the population had increased to 
23,971 ; and in 1840, to 102,313. 

The city of Annapolis, agreeably situated on the Severn river, three miles from 
Chesapeake Bay, is the capital of the State. It is regularly laid out, with the 
streets diverging from the State-house and the Episcopal church. The State- 
house is a handsome building, in which the Old Congress held some of their 
sessions ; and the Senate chamber, in which Washington resigned his commis- 
sion, has been preserved unaltered ; here is likewise the State library of 10,000 
volumes. Annapolis is also the seat of St. John's College. The channel to the 
city is narrow and difficult. Population, 2792. Frederick city, 47 miles west 
of Baltimore, is, in point of wealth, elegance, and population, the second city in 
Maryland. It is connected with the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road by a branch 
road of Similes. The population, in 1840, 5182. North-west from Frederick city, 
and near the north line of the State, is Hagerstown, a well-built and flourishing 
town, containing the usual county buildings, several churches and academies, 
and a population of 3750 souls. Williamsport, at the mouth of the Conococheague, 
is a flourishing village on the route of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, and the 
Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Population, 500. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

This is a territory of ten miles square, under the immediate government of 
Congress, and therefore is not represented in that body. It is divided into two 
counties and three cities, the counties and cities being separate. The cities are 
Washington, Alexandria, and Georgetown ; the counties, Washington and Alex- 
andria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac, 120 miles from its 
mouth, between Maryland and Virginia, and was ceded to the general govern- 
ment by those States in 1790. The population of the District amounted, in 1840, 
to 43,712, of which 4694 were slaves, and 8361 free blacks. 

The city of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the great 
man whose name it bears, in 1791, and became the seat of government in the year 
1800. It stands in the centre of the District, upon the north bank of the Potomac, 
between the river and the East Branch, one of its tributaries. The plan of 
the city combines regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the 
surface, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings occupy commanding posi- 
tions, and the monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is avoided, while all 
its advantages are secured. The minor streets run at right angles, but the larger 
avenues diverge from several centres, intersecting the streets with various degrees 
of obliquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares. The smaller streets run 
north and south, east and west, and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The 
grand avenues are from 130 to 160 feet in width, and are planted with trees. 
Several of the largest unite at the hill on which the Capitol is situated. These 
bear the names of the several States of the Union. 

Washington is the residence of the President of the United States, and of the 
other chief executive officers of the Federal Government, and of foreign ministers 
to the United States. Congress meets here annually on the first Monday of 
December, and the Supreme Federal Court holds its annual sessions here. 

The population of the city is 23,364, including 4808 free blacks, and 1713 
slaves ; but, during the session of Congress, the city is thronged with visitors 
from all parts of the world. The buildings which it contains are in three distinct 
parts; one portion being in the neighbourhood of the navy-yard, another in that 



11 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 49^ 

of the Capitol, and another on Pennsylvania Avenue, which extends from the 
Capitol to the President's house. 

The Capitol is a large and magnificent building of freestone, 353 feet long, in 
the shape of a cross, with the Representatives' Hall and the Senate Chamber in 
the two wings, and a spacious rotunda in the centre. The Hall of Representa- 
tives is semicircular, 95 feet in length, and 60 in height, lighted from the top ; it 
is one cff the most elegant halls in the world. The Senate Chamber is of the 
same shape, and 74 feet long. The rotunda is 96 feet in diameter, and is 96 feet 
high to the top of the dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is beauti- 
fully paved ; the whole has a most grand and imposing effect. Several pieces of 
sculpture are placed in niches in the walls, representing events in American 
history. The sound of a single voice uttered in this apartment is echoed from 
the dome above with a rumbling like distant thunder. The National Library 
is contained in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of national paintings by 
Trumbull. 

The President's house, also of freestone, is two stories high, with a lofty base- 
ment, and it has a front of 180 feet, adorned with an Ionic portico ; it is surrounded 
by extensive grounds. On each side are the four offices of the executive depart- 
ments ; on the west are the War and Navy, and on the east the State and Trea- 
sury departments. The General Post-office, recently built of marble, is situated 
about half-way between the President's house and the Capitol ; near it is the 
Patent Office, a handsome edifice of freestone, the upper part of which is occupied 
by the National Institute. There are also here an arsenal and a navy-yard, with 
a city hall, an hospital, penitentiary, insane asylum, 21 churches, the halls of 
Columbia College, &c. A branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal terminates 
in the city. 

Georgetown is about three miles west of the Capitol, and is pleasantly situated, 
commanding a prospect of the river, the neighbouring city, and the diversified 
country in the vicinity. The houses are chiefly of brick, and there are many ele- 
gant villas in different parts. The Catholic College here is a respectable institu- 
tion. Georgetown is a thriving place, and has considerable commerce ; but the 
navigation of the river is obstructed by a bar just below the town ; here is also a 
cannon foundery, 4 banks, 7 churches, &c. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
commences at this place. Population, 7312. The city of Alexandria, six miles 
below Washington, on the opposite side of the Potomac, carries on an extensive 
trade in flour, tobacco, &c. The city is regularly laid out; it has a good harbour, 
with commodious wharves, and is accessible to the largest ships. Here are a 
High School, a girls' boarding-school, under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, 
an Orphan Asylum, 10 churches, several tanneries, engine manufactories, foun- 
deries, cotton-mills, &c. Population, 8459. A branch of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal extends from Georgetown to this place. 



SOUTHERN STATES. 

The States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- 
bama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, are those usually termed the Southern States : 
the whole region extends from the Potomac to the Sabine river : its coasts are 
washed on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the Gulf of Mexico. 
The area of the whole region is about 420,000 square miles. 

The tract of country in the Southern States bordering on the Atlantic, is a low 
sandy plain, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and, in general, covered with pine forests. 
Beyond this, towards the Alleghanies, it becomes elevated and hilly, and then [ 
mountainous. Those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which bor- [ 
der on the Gulf of Mexico, are low and level. In the interior they are diversi- 
fied, and in some parts mountainous. The low countries in all the Southern States 
are mostly barren, except on the borders of rivers, where the soil is very fertile. 

The inhabitants of the Southern States are nearly all occupied with agricul- 
ture. The commerce, which is extensive, is principally in the hands of foreign- 

32 



50 



UNITED STATES. 



ers, or of their northern countrymen, and carried on in northern vessels. The 
great staples of this region are cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco : nearly the whole 
of the cotton crop of the United States is raised here, which, with rice and sugar, 
is confined to its southern section : in the northern the principal productions are 
tobacco, wheat, and corn: in the low regions of the Carolinas, pitch-pine grows 
in great perfection; and tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber, are the staples of these 
districts. Gold is almost exclusively confined to the upper and middle portions 
of this region, and is now so extensively found as to have become an object of 
national importance. 

The rivers of the Southern States, south of Chesapeake Bay, are generally dis- 
tinguished by sluggish currents, and sand-bars at their mouths. Although there 
is no stream, exclusively belonging to this section of the Union, that can be ranked 
in point of extent with the great rivers of the country, there are several which, 
from the length of their course and the volume of waters which they flow, would 
in other countries be considered as large streams ; and there are not a few which 
furnish useful navigable channels. 

The population is chiefly of English descent, but is in some places somewhat 
mixed. There are many descendants of the French and Spanish, particularly in 
Louisiana and Florida. In Louisiana the French language is extensively spoken, 
and the laws and some of the newspapers are printed both in that tongue and in 
English. 

The negroes, who form more than two-fifths of the population, constitute a 
separate class, and are mostly held in slavery. The Indians were formerly nu- 
merous and comprised several powerful tribes, but they have mostly emigrated 
westward. A few Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, still remain, but are 
all under treaty stipulations to remove, and will doubtless soon rejoin the tribes 
beyond the Mississippi. 

The inhabitants of the Southern States are seldom collected together in villages 
and towns, like their northern countrymen, but live in a scattered manner over 
the country. This is in a measure owing to the predominance of agriculture over 
commercial and mechanical occupations, but principally to the circumstance that 
the bulk of the labour is performed by slaves. Instead of small proprietors tilling 
their little farm with their own hands, we here find extensive plantations culti- 
vated under the direction of the owner or his agent, who merely attends to the 
pecuniary affairs, directs the operations and oversees the labourers. This state of 
things has a decided influence upon thejnanners and character of the people, yet 
there are individual differences so great that no general description will apply 
equally to the Virginian, the Carolinian, and the Louisianian. Generosity, great 
hospitality, a high sense of honour, and a manly independence of thought and 
conduct, are among the favourable traits of the southern character. The poorer 
class of whites are in general less frugal and industrious, and enjoy fewer advan- 
tages in respect to education and religious instruction than the same class in the 
Northern States. Population of the Southern States, in 1840, 4,648,991, of whom, 
1,944,748 were slaves, and 112,710 free blacks. 



COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. 

Nature has bestowed on Virginia advantage of position, soil, climate, and navi- 
gable rivers. She is often distinguished by the title of the Ancient Dominion, 
probably from the circumstance of her having been the first settled of the colonies. 

This State is bounded on the north by Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Oliio ; south 
by North Carolina and Tennessee ; east by Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean, and 
on the west by Kentucky and Ohio. Extent from north to south, 220 miles ; from 
east to west, 370 miles. Area, about 64,000 square miles. 

Every portion of Virginia is penetrated by fine rivers and streams, useful either 
as channels of navigation, or for mechanical purposes. The principal rivers are 
the Potomac, Shenandoah, James, Rappahannock, Mattapony, Painunky, York, 
Rivanna, Appomattox, Elizabeth, Nottoway, Meherrin, Staunton, Ohio, Sandy, 
Great Kanawha, Little Kanawha, and the Monongahela and its principal branches. 



VIRGINIA. 



The Alleghany range of mountains, with its numerous ridges, covers the whole 
middle section of this State, and gives it a rugged surface. The country east of 
the mountains descends gradually to the flat and sandy alluvion of the coast. 
The district west of the mountains is hilly. The soil varies greatly, being sandy 
and sterile %n the coast, very fertile on the banks of rivers, and productive in the 
valleys of the AUeghanies. The climate is equally varied, being hot, moist, and 
unhealthy in the lower alluvial country, and cool and salubrious among the moun- 
tains. To the productions common to the northern and middle sections of the 
Union, this State adds the sweet-potato, the finest tobacco, and in the southern 
parts cotton as a crop. The productions of the north and the south, apples and 
wheat, cotton and tobacco, meet here as in Tennessee in the western country. 
The temperature, soil, and circumstances, are supposed to be favourable in the 
highest degree to the cultivation of the grape and the silk mulberry. 

The mineral wealth of Virginia is boundless ; gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, 
limestone, marls, gypsum, magnesian, copperas, and alum earths, thermal, chaly- 
beate, and sulphuretted springs, excellent marbles, granites, soap-stones and sand- 
stones, &c., are among the treasures as yet for the most part lying idle in the 
bowels of the earth. Mining industry has, however, recently taken a start, and 
will doubtless soon afford profitable employment to many of the inhabitants. 

Of the metallic products of Virginia, gold is one of the most important. It 
is found on both sides of the North and Rapid Ann rivers, of the North and 
South Anna near their heads, of the Rivanna in the lower part of its course, and 
of the James river above and below the mouth of the Rivanna. The belt of 
country in which this metal exists, extends through Spottsylvania, and some 
neighbouring counties, in a south-west direction, into North and South Carolina, 
Georgia, and Alabama. In this State the gold is diffused over large surfaces, and 
has not been found sufficiently in mass, except in a few places, to make mining 
profitable ; about $52,000 worth was obtained in 1840. 

Vast fields of coal exist in Virginia, both of the bituminous and anthracite 
kinds ; of the former, great beds have been found spreading over an extent of many 
miles, in which the seams are sometimes 30, 40, and even 60 feet thick, and of 
excellent quality. Coal has been mined and exported in considerable quantities 
from the vicinity of Richmond, for many years past. Iron ore exists also in vast 
quantities, in various parts ; in some places it is found between immense layers 
of coal. 

Salt springs occur at various places ; at some of which works for manufacturing 
the water into salt have been erected : the most important are on the Great Ka- 
nawha river, in the vicinity of Charleston. The quantity made here is about 
1,500,000 bushels annually; 70 gallons of brine yielding 1 bushel of salt. Vir- 
ginia contains a profusion of mineral springs, of great and various virtues, many 
of which have acquired much reputation for their medicinal properties, and some 
of them are much resorted to. 

The population in 1790 was 747,610; in 1800, 886,149; in 1810, 974,622; in 
1820, 1,065,366; in 1830, 1,211,272; in 1840, 1,239,797; of whom 448,987 
were slaves. Of the free population, 371,223 were white males; 369,745 white 
females; 23,814 were coloured males; 26,020 coloured females. Employed in 
agriculture, 318,771 ; in mining, 1995; in commerce, 6361 ; in manufactures and 
trades, 54,147; in navigating the ocean, 582 ; do. canals, rivers, &c., 2952 ; in 
the learned professions, 3866. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 326,438 mules and horses; 1,024,148 neat 
cattle; 1,293,772 sheep ; 1,992,155 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
$754,698. There were produced, 10,109,716 bushels of wheat; 1,482,799 of 
rye; 87,430 of barley; 243,822 of buckwheat; 34,577,591 of Indian corn; 
13,457,062 of oats; 2,944,660 of potatoes; 2,533,374 pounds of wool ; 75,347,106 
of tobacco; 2956 of rice; 3,494,483 of cotton ; 1,541,833 of sugar; 3191 of silk 
cocoons; 364,708 tons of hay; 25,594 of hemp and flax; 1,500,000 bushels of 
salt. The products of the dairy were valued at $1,480,488; of the orchard, at 
$705,765; of lumber, at $538,092; and 13,911 gallons of wine were made. 

The exports of the State for the year ending September 30th, 1841, were 



^^ 



52 



UNITED STATES. 



$5,630,286, and the imports were $337,237. The tonnage entered was 34,275 ; 
and the tonnage cleared was 63,243. 

The manufactures of Virginia are not so extensive as those of many States 
inferior to it in territory and population. Home-made or family manufactures 
amounted, in 1840, to $2,441,672; 47 fulling-mills and 41 woollen manufactories 
employed a capital of $112,350, and produced articles to the amount of $147,792; 
22 cotton manufactories produced articles to the amount of $446,063, with a capi- 
tal of $1,299,020; 42 furnaces produced 18,810 tons of cast-iron, and 52 forges 
produced 5886 tons of bar-iron, employing a capital of $1,246,650; 11 smelting 
houses produced gold to the amount of $51,758, employing a capital of $103,650 ; 
5 smelting houses produced 878,648 pounds of lead, with a capital of $21,500 ; 
12 paper-mills produced articles to the amount of $216,245; 3342 persons manu- 
factured tobacco to the amount of $2,406,671, employing a capital of $1,526,080; 
764 flouring-mills produced 1,041,526 barrels of flour, and with other mills pro- 
duced articles to the amount of $7,855,499, employing capital to the amount of 
$5,184,669 ; vessels were built to the amount of $136,807 ; capital employed in 
the fisheries, $28,383. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures in 
the State, was $11,360,861. 

William and Mary's College, at Williamsburg, is the oldest in the State, and 
one of the oldest in the country, founded in 1691 ; Hampden Sydney Colleae, in 
Prince Edward county, was founded in 1783, and is flourishing; Washington 
College, at Lexington, was founded in 1812 ; Randolph Macon College, at Boyd- 
town, was founded in 1832. There are theological schools at Richmond, in 
Prince Edward and Fairfax counties. The most important literary institution in 
the State is the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, founded in 1819. In 
the above colleges, and a few others, there were, in 1840, 1097 students; there 
were in the State, 382 academies, with 11,083 students; and 1561 common and 
primary schools, with 35,331 scholars. There were in the State, 58,787 white 
persons over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 

The Baptists, the most numerous religious denomination, had, in 1836, 435 
churches, 261 ministers, and 54,302 communicants; the Methodists had 168 
ministers and 41,763 communicants; the Presbyterians had 117 churches, 90 
ministers, and 11,413 communicants; the Episcopalians had one bishop, one 
assistant bishop, 65 ministers, and about 3000 communicants ; the Lutherans had 
24 congregations and 7 ministers; the Reformed Baptists (Campbellites) had 
about 10,000 communicants; the Roman Catholics had 10 congregations; the 
Unitarians had one minister; there were also some Friends and Jews. 

Virginia has undertaken several important works of internal improvement, by 
chartering private companies, which have been aided liberally by the State. The 
Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albermarle Sound, extend- 
ing from Deep Creek, a tributary of the former, to Joyce's Creek, a branch of 
Pasquotank river, of Albermarle Sound, 23 miles long. It has branches of 11 
miles. A canal extends along James river, from Richmond to Lynchburg; and 
this communication is designed to be extended by canal and rail-road to the Ohio 
river, by the Great Kanawha. No other spot between New York and Georgia 
presents an equally favourable country for a line of communication across the 
Alleghany mountains. The whole length will be about 425 miles. A rail-road 
extends from the Potomac river, at the mouth of the Aquia Creek, to Fredericks- 
burg, and thence to Richmond, in the whole 75 miles. It proceeds from Rich- 
mond to Petersburg, 23 miles, and from Petersburg to Weldon, on the Roanoke 
river, 59 miles, where it unites with the rail-road to Wilmington, N. C. A rail- 
road proceeds from a point on the Fredericksburg and Richmond road, north-west 
to Gordonsville, 50 miles. A rail-road extends from Petersburg to City Point, 12 
miles. Another extends from Winchester 32 miles to Harper's Ferry, where it 
unites with the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. Greensville rail-road connects the 
Petersburg and Roanoke rail-road with the Raleigh and Gaston rail-road, N. C, 
extending from Hicksford, 18 miles to Gaston. The Chesterfield rail-road, 13^ 
miles long, extends from the Chesterfield coal-basin to tide-water in James river, 
j at Manchester, opposite Richmond. 
' Richmond, the capital of the State, and its principal city, stands on several 



VIRGINIA. 53 



eminences, which command fine views of the surrounding country, and give to 
the city an air of singular beauty. The western division" occupies a high plain 
called Shockoe Hill, overlooking the lower town, and containing a beautiful 
square of about ten acres, which is adorned with fine shade trees, and laid out in 
gravelled walks ; here, in a commanding situation, stands the Capitol or State- 
House, one of the most elegant structures in the United States, containing a 
statue of Washington by Houdon; and contiguous to it is the City Hall, a neat 
edifice of the Doric order. The other public buildings are the Armory, Peni- 
tentiary, 16 churches, a theatre, &c. The city is supplied with pure water from 
three reservoirs, each containing 1,000,000 gallons, and filled by two pumps, 
which raise at the rate of 800,000 gallons in the 24 hours. Richmond is 110 
miles from the mouth of the river, which carries 15 feet of water to within a few 
miles of the city, and affords boat navigation for 220 miles above the falls. These 
advantages enable it to carry on an extensive trade, both inland and by sea ; the 
annual value of the exports being about 6,000,000 dollars, in addition to a valu- 
able coasting trade. Large quantities of wheat, flour, tobacco, &c., are brought 
down by the James River Canal. The falls of the river immediately above the 
city afford an unlimited water-power, which is largely applied to manufacturing 
purposes; there are here 21 flouring-mills, making annually 75,000 barrels of 
flour; an extensive iron-works, with which is connected rolling and slitting mills, 
arid nail factories, besides numerous tobacco factories, a large cotton milf, paper 
mill, &c. The capital employed in manufacturing, in 1840, amounted to $1,372,950. 
Population, in 1840, 21,153. Manchester, on the south side of James river, is 
connected with Richmond by Mayo's Bridge. It contains several factories, 360 
houses, and about 1500 inhabitants. A rail-road extends from this place 13 miles 
westward, to the coal-mines, which yield a million bushels of coal annually. 

The principal sea-port of this State is Norfolk, which is situated on the Eliza- 
beth river, eight miles from Hampton Roads. Its harbour is deep and capacious, 
easy of access, and perfectly secure; the Road, an expansion of James river just 
above its mouth, aflfords the finest anchorage in the world, and is capable of con- 
taining its united navies. The entrance, between Old Point Comfort and a sand- 
bar called the Rip Raps, is rather more than a mile in width, and is defended by 
Fort Monroe and Fort Calhoun. The favourable situation of Norfolk, in regard 
to the sea, and its connexion with the interior by means of the Dismal Swamp 
Canal and the Portsmouth and Roanoke Rail-road, have made it the chief com- 
mercial depot of Virginia, and, in 1840, 19,079 tons of shipping belonged to the 
port. The town is built on low ground, and the neighbourhood is marshy ; the 
principal streets are well paved and clean, but the others are less commodious 
and more irregular. The buildings are not distinguished for elegance, but some 
improvements have been made of late years in this respect. There are 8 churches, 
3 banks, a marine hospital, a theatre, lyceum, &c., and a population of 10,920. 
At Gosport, in Portsmouth, on the opposite side of the river, is one of the most 
important navy-yards of the United States, containing a magnificent dry-dock, of 
hewn granite, constructed at a cost of 974,356 dollars. Population of Portsmouth, 
6500. Suffolk is a thriving little town to the south-west, with 1500 inhabitants ; 
It stands on the Nansernond river, and is accessible to vessels of 100 tons. 

Petersburg, on the right bank of the Appomattox river, is a handsome and flou- 
rishing town, with 11,136 inhabitants, combining an active trade in cotton, flour, 
and tobacco, with manufacturing industry. Vessels drawing seven feet of water 
come up to the town, but large ships unload at City Point, at the mouth of the 
river. The falls of the Appomattox furnish ample water-power, and there are 
here several cotton-mills, merchant flour-mills, grist, and saw-mills, rope-walks, 
woollen factory, &c. Some distance, above Petersburg, and also on the Appo- 
mattox river, is Farmville, a flourishing town, incorporated in 1832; it contains 
2 large tobacco warehouses, 5 tobacco factories, and various mechanic shops. 
Population about 1000. 

North-west from Richmond, and on the Rivanna river, is Charlottesville, with 
about 1000 inhabitants. It is pleasantly situated in a charming valley, and de- 
rives Its interest from its being the seat of the Virginia University. The halls of this 
valuable institution form a fine collection of buildings. Three miles from Char- 



54 UNITED STATES. 



lottesville is Monticello, the seat of the late President Jefferson. The mansion 
occupies a lofty summit of the South-West Mountain, 500 feet above the Rivanna, 
and commands a view of the Blue Ridge on the west, and of the low country as 
far is the eye can reach on the east. A simple granite obelisk over the grave of 
Jefferson bears this inscription, written by himself : Thomas Jefferson, Author of 
the Declaration of Independence, and Founder of the University of F^irginia. Nearly 
west from Richmond, and 120 miles distant, is Lynchburg, situated on the 
southern bank of James river. It is a neat and flourishing town, carrying on an 
active trade, and containing some manufactories. The water-power afforded by 
the river is partially employed in propelling a cotton-mill, and several saw and 
flour-mills ; and there are here tanneries, tobacco factories, &.c. Several hand- 
some packet-boats ply daily on the river, between this place and Richmond. 
The town is supplied with water from a reservoir containing 400,000 gallons, 
fed by a double forcing-pump, and placed at such an elevation as to throw a 
copious stream over the tops of the houses. Lynchburg is one of the largest 
tobacco markets in the world ; from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 pounds are inspected 
annually. Population, 6395. Danville, on the Dan river, which is navigable 
by boats some distance above, is a flourishing village, with 1200 inhabitants ; 
its position commands some trade, and there are some manufactories here. 

The Great Valley Section consists of an elevated table-land between the Blue 
Ridge and the Alleghany chain, from 1200 to 1500 feet above the sea. It is, 
however, traversed by several mountain chains, forming numerous subordinate 
valleys, at once fertile and picturesque, and constituting a region of singular 
wildness and beauty. Its rare combination of great agricultural resources with 
extraordinary mineral riches, must one day render it the seat of a populous and 
wealthy community. At the lower end of the valley stands the town of Harper's 
Ferry, celebrated for the majestic scenery in its vicinity. The town has a popu- 
lation of about 2000 inhabitants, and contains three churches, an academy, two 
Masonic halls, one of the largest flouring-mills in the Union, an Arsenal of the 
United States, containing about 85,000 stands of arms, and an Armory for the 
manufacture of fire-arms. A rail-road extends from this place to Winchester, 
one of the most flourishing towns in the State, with 3454 inhabitants. It stands 
on the site of old Fort Loudon, in the midst of a very rich and highly-cultivated 
tract, inhabited by an industrious and thriving population. Winchester is the 
depot of the surrounding country, and its trade and manufactures are extensive. 

Fredericksburg is a flonrishing town at the head of navigation on the Rappa- 
hannock river, which admits vessels of 140 tons up to the town. Its situation 
makes it the depot of a well-cultivated tract, and its trade is considerable. To- 
bacco, wheat, flour, corn, &c., are the principal articles of exportation. Popula- 
tion, 31)74. Falmouth, Port Royal, Tappahannock,and Urbanna,are small villages 
on the Rappahannock. In Westmoreland county, on the Potomac, is shown the 
spot where Washington was born; the house, which stood on Pope's creek, 
about half a mile from the river, on a plantation called Wakefield, is now in ruins. 
A simple stone, with the inscription. Here, on the l\th of February 1732, George 
Washington was horn, designates the consecrated spot. Further up the river, 
eight rniles from Alexandria, is Mount Vernon, the seat and the tomb of that 
great and good man. The mansion-house is a simple wooden building, two sto- 
ries high, with a plain portico extending the whole length, and commanding a 
view of the river ; the tomb is merely a walled excavation in the bank, with a 
brick front and closed by an iron door. 

Leesburg, a few miles east of the Potomac river, is a neat and thriving town, 
with about 2000 inhabitants, situated in a productive and highly cultivated dis- 
trict. Fairfax, further south, is a flourishing village, and further on is Barbours- 
ville, in the vicinity of which are the seat and tomb of the late President Ma- 
dison. 

In the western part of the State is the city of Wheeling, surrounded by rich 
coal-beds and a highly fertile country ; and, standing at the head of steam-boat 
navigation on the Ohio during the season of low water, is one of the most flour- 
ishing trading towns in the country. The population increased from 1567 in 
1820, to 7885 in 1840. Over 20 steam-hoats are gwned here, and great quantities 



VIRGINIA. 55 



of goods are forwarded to this point in wagons by the National Road from the 
east, and by keel-boats, flat-boats, and steamers down the river. Iron-founderies, 
steam-engine factories, cotton and woollen-mills, glass-houses and cut-glass works, 
flour, paper, and saw-mills, copperas, white-lead, sheet-lead, and tobacco-manu- 
factories, are among the manufacturing establishments. There are exported 
from Wheeling annually 1,500,000 bushels of bituminous coal. 



STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Carolwa is bounded on the north by Virginia, east by the Atlantic 
Ocean, south by South Carolina, and west by Tennessee. Length 362 miles, and 
breadth 121 miles; area, 43,800 square miles. The country, for more than 60 
miles from the coast, is a low plain, with many swamps and inlets from the sea. 
The greater portion of this district, except along the water-courses, is a vast forest 
of evergreens. The rich lands near the swamps and rivers are insalubrious. 
Having passed this monotonous region, we emerge to the pleasant and mild parts 
of the State, at the base of the Alleghanies, from whose summits the eye tra- 
verses an immense extent of beautiful country to the west, and vision is lost in 
an agreeable succession of hill, dale, forest, and valley. 

In the western part of the State the Blue Ridge, which forms the separating 
line between the waters of the Atlantic and the Mississippi, attains an elevation 
of about 5500 feet. The western boundary of the State is formed by the pro- 
longation of the same ridge ; its diflTerent parts are known by various local names, 
one of which, the Black Mountain, has been recently ascertained to be the most 
lofty in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains; its height is 6476 feet, 
or 48 feet more elevated than Mt. Washington: another summit of the Blue 
Ridge, the Roan Mountain, is 6038 feet in height. The tract between the two 
ridges is an elevated table-land, from 2000 to 2500 feet above the sea. 

North Carolina abounds in considerable rivers, but enjoys few facilities for navi- 
gation in proportion to the number and size of the streams, which are shallow or 
broken in their course, or lose themselves in lagoons difficult of access, or are 
obstructed by bars. The Chowan flows into Albemarle Sound, and admits small 
vessels to Murfreesboro'. The Roanoke also empties itself into the same shallow 
basin. The Tar River and the Neuse both flow into Pamplico Sound : the first is 
navig:able 90 miles, to Tarboro', and the latter to Kingston. Cape Fear river, the 
principal stream, which has its whole course within the State, rising on the north- 
ern border, pursues a south-easterly course of 280 miles, and enters the ocean at 
Cape Fear; the Waccamaw, the Lumber, and Yadkin, which take the names 
of the Little and Great Pedee, and the Catawba, which rises in the Blue Ridge, 
all flow into South Carolina; while the French Broad, Little Tennessee, Hiwas- 
see, and New river, descend in an opposite direction from the same range. 

The swamps are a striking feature in the eastern part of the State. The 
Dismal Swamp lies in the north-eastern part and extends into Virginia. It is 30 
miles in length and 16 in breadth. In the centre, on the Virginia side, is Lake 
Drummond, 15 miles in circuit; a canal is carried through it from Norfolk to Al- 
bemarle Sound. Between Albemarle and Pamplict) Sound is another, called Alli- 
gator Swamp ; this has been partly drained, and the land rendered fit for the cul- 
tivation of rice. These swamps have a clay bottom, over which lies a thick 
stratum of vegetable compost. The drained lands are found to be exceedingly 
fertile. *" ^ 

The pine forests of North Carolina, which cover nearly the whole of the east- 
ern part of the State, yield not only much lumber for exportation, but also nearly 
all the resinous matter used in ship-building in this country. The resinous pro- 
ducts are turpentine, spirits of turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch; turpentine is 
merely the sap of the tree obtained by making an incision in the bark; the tur- 
pentine flows out in drops, which fall into a box placed to receive them. 

Among the mineral productions, the most important appear to be gold and iron. 
The gold region of North Carolina embraces the section on both sides of the Blue 
Ridge, and extends to the east of the Yadkin. The surface mines are the most 

17 — 



56 UNITED STATES. 



easily worked, but the vein mines are the most durable. In almost any part of 
this district, gold may be found in greater or less abundance. It exists in 
orains or masses from almost imperceptible particles, to pieces of one or two 
pounds weight; one of the largest lumps ever found, was dug up in Cabarras 
county — it was worth between 7 and 8000 dollars. Lumps from the value of 
100 or 200 to 1000 dollars, are not uncommon. 

The great diversity of climate between the eastern lowlands and the western 
high country, produces a corresponding diversity in the agricultural productions 
of the two sections ; while the former yields cotton, rice, and indigo, the more 
northern grains and fruits thrive in the latter, which yields wheat, Indian-corn, 
tobacco, and hemp. 

The population of North Carolina, in 1790, was 393,754; in 1800, 478,103; 
in 1810, 555,500; in 1820, 638,829; in 1830, 738,470; in 1840, 753,419; of 
whom 245,817 were slaves. Of the free population, 240,047 were white males; 
244,823 white females; 11,226 were coloured males; 10,505 were coloured 
females. Employed in agriculture, 217,095; in commerce, 1734 ; in manufac- 
tures and trades, 14,322 ; in navigating the ocean, 327 ; do. canals, rivers, &c., 
379; in the learned professions, 1086. 

There were in this State, in 1840, 166,608 horses and mules; 617,371 neat 
cattle; 538,279 sheep; 1,649,716 swine. There were produced, 1,960,885 bush- 
els of wheat; 15,391 of buckwheat; 213,971 of rye; 23,893,763 of Indian-corn ; 
3574 of barley; 3,193,941 of oats; 2,609,239 of potatoes; 625,044 pounds of 
wool; 16,772,359 of tobacco; 2,820,388 of rice; 51,926,190 of cotton; 3014 of 
silk cocoons; 101,369 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at 
$674,349; of the orchard, at $386,006 ; of lumber, at $506,766. There were 
made 28,752 gallons of wine. The exports of the State, in 1840, amounted to 
$387,484, and the imports to $252,532. 

The amount of home-made or family manufactures, in 1840, was $1,413,246; 
25 cotton manufactories produced articles to the amount of $438,950 ; 10 smelt- 
ing-houses produced gold to the amount of $255,619 ; hats and caps were manu- 
factured to the amount of $38,170; 353 tanneries employed a capital of $271,979 ; 
240 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the 
amount of $185,387; 323 flouring-mills produced 87,641 barrels of flour, and 
with other mills produced articles to the amount of $1,552,096; vessels were 
built to the amount of $62,800; 2802 distilleries produced 1,051,979 gallons of 
spirits; tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin, 593,451 barrels. Amount of capital 
employed in the fisheries, $213,500. Total amount em,pjpyed in manufactures,, 
$3,838,900. ^ 

The University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, was founded in 1791 ; Da- 
vidson College, in Mecklenburg, founded in 1837. In these institutions there 
were, in 1840, 158 students. There were in the State 141 academies, with 4398 
students ; and 632 common and primary schools, with 14,950 scholars. There 
were in the State 56,609 white persons above the age of 20 who could neither 
read nor write. 

Of religious denominations, the Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous ; 
they have each about 20,000 communicants; the Presbyterians, about 11,000 
communicants. The Episcopalians have a Bishop and 20 ministers; the Luther- 
ans have 18 ministers, 38 congregations, and 1890 communicants. Besides these, 
there are some Moravians, Friends, and Roman Catholics. 

A rail-road extends from Wilmington, IGl miles, to Weldon, on the Roanoke 
river. Another also extends from Raleigh, 87 miles, to Gaston. These works 
unite with others from Virginia. The Dismal Swamp Canal of Virginia, extends 
into North Carolina, (see Virginia). 

Raleigh, the capital of the State, not far from the west bank of the Neuse, is a 
thriving town with 2244 inhabitants. A fine State-House of granite has been 
erected here, in place of the one destroyed by fire in 1831, when Canova's statue 
of Washington was unfortunately ruined. Fayetteville is a busy and flourishing 
town, at the head of boat navigation ort Cape Fear river, with 4285 inhabitants 
It contains an United States Armory. Salem, Salisbury, and Charlotte, are 
small towns in this section. The last mentioned has of late rapidly increased in 



NORTH CAROLINA. 57 



importance on account of its proximity to the gold mines. Population about 
1000. It contains a United States Mint for the coinage of gold. 

Beaufort, the only port of North Carolina directly upon the sea, admits vessels 
drav;inor 12 feet of water, and the harbour is safe and commodious ; but the town 
is inconsiderable. Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea on Cape Fear river, is the 
most important commercial town of the State, and it carries on a considerable 
trade with the West Indies. The population is about 4744. Newbern, on the 
south bank of the river Neuse, 80 miles from Pamplico Sound, is a place of some 
commerce, although large vessels cannot come up to the town, and the navigation 
is tedious and difficult for smaller craft. Population, 3690. Washington and 
Tarboro', on the Pamplico river, Plymouth and Halifax, on the Roanoke, Eden- 
ton, on the Chowan, and Elizabeth, on the Pasquotank, are small trading towns. 



I 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

The State of South Carolina is bounded on the north and north-east by North 
Carolina, south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, and south-west by Georgia, from 
which it is separated by the Savannah river; it is in length 188 miles, by 160 in 
breadth, the area being about 30,000 square miles. The rivers of South Carolina 
afford some considerable navigable facilities for small river-craft; but, in the 
lower part of their course, they are shallow, and obstructed by bars. The prin- 
cipal are the Waccamaw, Pedee, Black river, Santee, Cooper, Ashley, Stono, 
Edisto, Ashepoo, Combahee, Coosaw, Broad, and Savannah. 

The harbours of this State are generally of little value; but the coast presents 
numerous entrances, which are accessible to small vessels, and which afford 
advantages for an active coasting trade. The harbour of Charleston is obstructed 
at the entrance by a dangerous sand-bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit 
small vessels. The harbour of Beaufort, or Port Royal, is the best in the State, 
and is sufficient to receive a navy, but is little frequented. St. Helena Sound is 
the most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast ; but, although 
about three miles wide and ten miles long, it is too much beset with shoals to 
be of any great commercial value. 

The sea-coast is bordered with a fine chain of islands, between which and the 
shore there is a very convenient navigation. The main land is by nature divided 
into the lower and upper country." The low country extends 80 or 100 miles 
from the coast, and is covered with extensive forests of pitch-pine, called pine 
barrens, interspersed with swamps and marshes of a rich soil; beyond this is the 
sand-hill region, 60 miles in width, the sterile hills of which have been compared 
to the arrested waves of the sea in a storm. To this distance the broad extent of 
country is denominated the lower country; beyond it we approach the ridge, or 
upper country, the Atlantic ascent of which is precipitous. From the summit 
stretches a fine belt of table-land, fertile and well cultivated, watered by rivers, 
and irrigated by smaller streams, extending from the Savannah to Broad river. 
The country beyond the ridge- resembles in its scenery the most interesting of the 
nortliern States. The traveller is gratified by the pleasant alternation of hill and 
dale, the lively verdure of the hills is contrasted with the deeper tints of the 
extensive forests which decorate their sides, and, iirthe valleys, broad rivers roll 
their streams through the varied beauties of luxuriant and cultivated fields. The 
ascent hence to the mountains is gradual and imperceptible. A number of moun- 
tains 'of striking forms, here swell with their peaks to a very considerable eleva- 
tion. Table Mountain is the most conspicuous; its summit is supposed to be 
4000 feet above the level of the sea. 

The low country is infested with many of the diseases which spring from a 
warm, moist, and unelastic atmosphere. Of these, the most frequent are fevers, 
from which the inhabitants suffer more than from any, or perhaps from all other 
diseases together. The districts of the upper country enjoy as salubrious a cli- 
mate as any part of the United States. During the most unhealthful period of the 
year, it is customary for the wealthy South Carolinians to seek relaxation in n 

33 



58 



UNITED STATES. 



tour through the northern States, or in a sojourn at some of the watering-places 
in the upland country. 

The staple commodities of this State are cotton and rice; the latter, first intro- 
duced in 1693, is raised only in the low country, where the immense swamps in 
which it is grown may be easily irrigated, by means of the rise of the tide in the 
rivers. Indigo was for some time an important staple ; its culture was introduced 
in the middle of the last century, and, at the breaking out of the revolutionary 
war, about 1,000,000 pounds were exported annually; but, toward the close of 
the century, the price was so much lowered by large importations from the East 
Indies into England, that it gave way to cotton, which is raised on the same 
lands. 

There are no manufactures of any importance in South Carolina, but the com- 
merce is extensive; it consists in the exports of rice, cotton, lumber, &c., and of 
large quantities of the productions of Georgia and North Carolina, and in the 
import of manufactured articles, wines, tropical fruits, &c., for home consumption. 

The region in which gold is found extends through this State. Although the 
mines are abundant, the diggings have been less numerous than in North Caro- 
lina. Various ochres, used in painting, are found near Yorkville. Marble, lime- 
stone, iron and lead ore, potters' clay, fullers' earth, nitrous earth, talc, and most 
of the useful fossils, are common. 

The population in 1790 was 249,073; in 1800, 345,591; in 1810, 415,115; in 
1820, 502,741; in 1830, 581,185; in 1840, 594,398; of whom 327,038, or 
something more than one-half of the population, were slaves. Of the free popu- 
lation, 130,496 were white males; 128,588 white females; 3864 were coloured 
males; 4412 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 198,363 ; in commerce, 
1958; in manufactures and trades, 10,325; in navigating the ocean, 381 ; do. 
rivers, canals, &c., 348; in the learned professions, 1481. 

According to the census of 1840, there were in the State 120,921 horses and 
mules; 572,608 neat cattle; 232,981 sheep; 878,532 swine. There were pro- 
duced 968,354 bushels of wheat; 44,738 of rye ; 14,722,805 of Indian corn; 
3967 of barley; 1,486,208 of oats; 2,698,313 of potatoes; 299,170 pounds of 
wool; 60,590,860 of- rice; 61,710,274 of cotton ; 51,519 of tobacco ; 30,000 of 
sugar; 2080 of silk cocoons; 24,618 tons of hay. The products of the dairy 
were valued at $577,810; of the orchard, at $52,275; of lumber, $537,684. 

The exports of this State, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1840, amounted to 
$8,043,284; and the imports to $1,567,431. The tonnage entered was 55,620 
tons, and the tonnage cleared 92,185. 

The amount of home-made or family manufactures, was $930,703; there were 
3 woollen factories which produced articles to the amount of $1000; employing a 
capital of $4300 ; 15 cotton factories produced articles to the amount of $359,000, 
and employed a capital of $617,450; 4 furnaces produced 1250 tons of cast-iron; 
9 forges produced 1165 tons of bar-iron ; the whole employing a capital of 
$113,300; 5 smelling-houses produced gold to the amount of $37,418, and em- 
ployed a capital of $40,000 ; one paper-mill produced to the amount of $20,800, 
with a capital of $30,000; 164 tlouring-mills produced 58,458 barrels of flour ; 
and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of $1,201,678, and em- 
ployed a capital of $1,668,804 ; 250 distilleries produced 102,288 gallons of dis- 
tilled spirits, employing a capital of $14,342 ; vessels were built to the amount 
of $60,000. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was 
$3,216,970. 

Of religious denominations the Methodists are the most numerous; at the 
commencement of 1836 they had 37,503 communicants; the Baptists had 314 
churches, 226 ministers, and 36,276 communicants; the Presbyterians had 90 
churches and 70 ministers ; the Episcopalians had 50 churches, one bishop, and 
43 ministers; the Lutherans had, in 1840, 24 ministers, 34 congregations, and 
1667 communicants; there were also Roman Catholics, Unitarians, Friends, 
Universalists and Jews. 

The most important literary institution in the State is the College of South 
Carolina, founded in 1804. There is a theological seminary connected with the 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



59 



institution. In both departments there were, in 1843, 216 students. Charleston 
College was founded in 1795, and has about 50 students.. The medical institu- 
tion in Charleston has 8 professors and 158 students. There were in the State, 
in 1840, 117 academies or grammar-schools, with 4236 students; and 566 com- 
mon or primary schools, with 12,520 scholars. There were 20,615 free while 
persons, over 20 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

South Carolina has several important works of internal improvement. The 
Santee canal, extending 22 miles from Charleston harbour to Santee river, was 
finished in 1803. Through this canal, and the improvement of the Santee and 
Congaree rivers, a steamboat communication has been opened from Charleston 
to Columbia. Winyaw canal extends from Winyaw bay, 7^ miles, to Kinlock 
creek, a branch of the Santee river. The navigation of Catawba river has been 
improved by five short canals, with an aggregate length of 11^ miles. The South 
Carolina rail-road extends 136 miles, from Charleston to Hamburg, It was 
commenced in 1830, and completed in 1834. It has since been sold to tlie 
Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati Rail-road Company. This company con- 
template the formation of the longest rail-road yet undertaken in the United 
States. Its entire length, from Charleston to Cincinnati, will be 718 miles. 
The Branchville and Columbia rail-road extends from Branchville, or the South 
Carolina rail-road, 66 miles, to Columbia, and is to form a part of the Charles- 
ton, Louisville, and Cincinnati rail-road. 

Charleston, the principal city of South Carolina, and the largest city in the 
Atlantic States south of the Potomac, stands on a point of land between the 
Ashley and Cooper rivers, six miles from the ocean. It is regularly laid out, 
with streets running east and west from river to river, and others intersect- 
ing them nearly at right angles, from north to south. Among the public 
buildings are 26 churches, the City Hall, Exchange, two Arsenals, Theatre, 
College Halls, Aims-House, Orphan Asylum, &c. ; the City Library contains 
about 18,000 volumes, and the Orphan Asylum supports and educates 250 desti- 
tute children. The city is healthier than the surrounding country, and the 
planters from the low country, and many opulent West-Indians, spend the sum- 
mer here. Its commerce is extensive, comprising nearly the whole of that of 
the State, and its shipping amounted, in 1840, to 29,250 tons. The population 
increased from 18,711, in 1800, to 29,261, in 1840; of which number 14,673 were 
slaves; including the Neck, which is adorned with numerous plantations in a 
high state of cultivation, the population is estimated to exceed 40,000 souls. 
The approach to the city is defended by Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, at 
the mouth of the harbour, and by Castle Pinckney opposite the extreme point 
of the city within. 

Columbia, the capital of the State," is pleasantly situated on the Congaree, 
below the junction of the Saluda and Broad rivers. It is regularly laid out 
with very wide streets, and is a neatly-built town with 3500 inhabitants. It 
contains a handsome State-House, a Lunatic Asylum, the Halls of South Caro- 
lina College, and several churches. Granby is a little town on the opposite side 
of the river. Camden is a place of some trade, situated on a rising ground on I 
the Wateree, with about 1000 inhabitants. It is noted for the two battles fought 
near it during the Revolutionary war, in the first of which the Baron De Kalb 
was slain. 

Beaufort, to the south of Charleston, is a little town on Port Royal Island, 
about 16 miles from the sea, with a fine harbour, which is little used. George- 
town, to the north, on Winyaw Bay, being the depot of an extensive and well- 
cultivated district, has considerable trade, but is not accessible to vessels drawing 
more than 11 feet of water. It is, however, unhealthful, and during the autumn, 
many of the inhabitants resort to North Island at the mouth of the bay. Popu- 
lation about 2000. Cheraw, on the Pedee, near the North Carolina line, is a 
town of about 1000 inhabitants; its trade is very considerable. Greeneville, in 
the upper part of the State, is a neat town of about 1000 inhabitants ; it is situ- 
ated in the midst of a salubrious and fertile country. 



17 



60 UNITED STATES. 



STATE OF GEORGIA. 

Georgia is bounded north by Tennessee and North Carolina, north-east by 
South Carolina, and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Florida, and west 
by Alabama. Length, 300 miles ; breadth, 200; area, 58,000 square miles. The 
principal rivers of Georgia are the Savannah, (which forms the boundary between 
it and South Carolina,) Alatamaha, Ogeechee, Satilla, Ockmulgee, Oconee, St. 
Mary's, Chattahoochee, Flint, Tallapoosa, and Coosa. The coast of Georgia, for 
four or five miles inland, is a salt marsh, mostly uninhabited. In front of this, 
towards the sea, there is a chain of islands of a grey, rich soil, covered in their 
natural state with pine, hickory, and live-oak, and yielding, on cultivation, the 
finest quality of sea-island cotton. The principal are Wassaw, Ossabaw, St. 
Catherine, Sapelo, St. Simon's, Jekyl, and Cumberland. Beyond the swamps 
which line the coast, commences that extensive range of pine-barrens closely re- 
sembling those of South Carolina ; above this range the country begins to be 
pleasantly diversified by gentle undulations. This region is bounded on the west 
by the Blue Ridge, which here swells into elevations 1500 feet in height, which 
thence subside, and are lost in the sea. Beyond the mountains is an extensive 
and rich table-country, with a black soil of great fertility. 

The climate of Georgia differs but little from that of South Carolina. The 
low-country planters have their sickly season and summer retreats in the high 
pine woods. The districts central to the rice-swamps, in the Carolinas and 
Georgia, are universally insalubrious. There are districts in this State that ap- 
proach nearer to tropical temperature than any part of South Carolina, and better 
adapted to the sugar-cane, olive, and sweet orange. The hilly and western parts 
are as healthy as any in America. As an average of the temperature, winter 
may be said to commence in the middle of December, and terminate in the mid- 
dle of February. The climate of the low-country compares very nearly with 
that of Louisiana. 

The mineral resources of Georgia are but imperfectly known; copper and iron 
have been found, but the most valuable mineral production, hitherto, has been 
gold. It occurs in the northern part of the State, on both sides of tlie Chattahoo- 
chee river as far north as the Blue Ridge, and to a considerable, but not well- 
ascertained distance on the south. 

The great agricultural staples of Georgia are cotton and rice. The cotton crop 
has amounted to 400,000 bales, and the rice to 35,000 casks. Some sugar and 
tobacco are also raised. The fruits are figs, oranges, melons, pomegranates, 
lemons, citrons, pears, peaches, &c. 

The population of Georgia, in 1790, was 82,584; in 1800, 162,680; in 1810, 
253,433; in 1820, 348,989; in 1830, 516,567; in 1840, 691,392; of whom 
280,944 were slaves. Of the free population, 210,534 were white males ; 197,161 
white females; 1374 were coloured males; 1379 coloured females. Employed 
in agriculture, 209,283 ; in commerce, 2428 ; in manufactures and trades, 7984 ; 
in mining, 574 ; in navigating the ocean, 262 ; do. rivers, canals, &c., 352 ; in 
the learned professions, 1250. 

There were in this State, in 1840, 157,540 horses and mules; 884,414 neat 
cattle; 267,107 sheep ; 1,457,755 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
$149,623. There were produced, 1,801,830 bushels of wheat; 60,693 of rye; 
20,905,122 of Indian corn; 12,979 of barley ; 1,610,030 of oats; 1,211,366 of 
potatoes; 102,894 of tobacco; 12,384,732 of rice ; 163,392,390 of cotton ; 329,744 
of sugar. The products of the dairy were valued at $605,172; of the orchard 
at $156,122; of lumber at $114,050. There were made 8647 gallons of wine. 
The exports of the State, in 1840, amounted to $6,802,959, and the imports to 
$491,428. 

The family or home-made articles amounted to $1,407,030, The capital em- 
ployed in manufactures amounted to $2,889,505, chiefly in flouring and other 
mills, cotton factories, tanneries, &c. ; 14 furnaces produced 494 tons of cast-iron, 
and employed a capital of $24,000. 

The University of Georgia, located at Athens, is the principal literary institu- 



yM ffieyirtrllMlMiii ■■■ 



GEORGIA. 61 



tion in the State, and was designed to liave an academic branch in each county. 
A few only of those have been opened. It was founded in 1788, and has been 
well endowed. In this institution and its branches, there were, in 1840, G22 stu- 
dents. There were in the State 176 academies or g^rammar-schools, with 7878 
students, and 601 common or primary schools, with 15,561 scholars. Of the 
population, 30,717 white persons over 20 years of age could neither read nor 
write. 

The Baptists are the most numerous of the religious denominations ; they had, 
in 1835, 583 churches, 298 ministers, and 41,810 communicants. The Methodists 
in Georgia and Florida had 80 travelling preachers, 33,442 communicants, of 
whom 25,005 were whites, 8436 were coloured. The Presbyterians had 75 
churches, 45 ministers, and 4882 communicants. The Episcopalians had 4 minis- 
ters ; the Protestant Methodists had 20 congregations and 15 ministers; the 
Christians had 15 or 20 ministers; the Roman Catholics 4 ministers; the Uni- 
tarians 2 ministers. There are also some few Lutherans, Associate Reformed 
Presbyterians, Friends, and Jews. 

Georgia has several important works of internal improvement. The Savannah 
and Ogeechee canal extends 16 miles, from Savannah to Ogeechee river; it was 
completed in 1829. The Brunswick canal extends 12 miles, from the Alata- 
mana river to Brunswick. The Georgia rail-road extends westward from Au- 
gusta, 170 miles, to Marthasville, The Athens branch extends from the Georgia 
rail-road 23 miles, to Athens. The Western and Atlantic rail-road is designed 
to continue the Georgia rail-road to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, 130 
miles. The Central rail-road extends from Savannah 197 miles, to Macon, and 
is now in progress of completion from Macon to be united with the Georgia rail- 
road near Decatur. The Hiwassee rail-road, also in progress, will begin at a 
point on the Western and Atlantic rail-road, and will be carried thence to Knox- 
ville, in Tennessee. 

The city of Savannah is advantageously situated for a commercial town, being 
accessible to large ships from the sea, and communicating with the interior by the 
noble river on which it stands. It is built on the southern side of the Savannah, 
on a high hank rising about 50 feet above the water, from which it makes a fine 
appearance, with its spacious and regular streets, and its handsome public build- 
ings, mingling pleasantly with the groves of trees which surround them and 
adorn the squares and principal streets. The site was formerly unhealthy, on 
account of the surrounding swamps, but this evil has been* cured by judicious 
drainings. In 1820 it suffered much from a terrible fire, but it has recovered from 
this shock, and is at present one of the most flourishing cities in the Southern 
States. It contains 13 churches, a Court-House, Exchange, Arsenal, Jail, U. S. 
Barracks, an Academy, Theatre, 2 Asylums, a Poor-House, Hospital, Market- 
House, besides banks, &c. Population in 1840, 11,214. Savannah is the chief 
commercial depot in the State, and most of the cotton and rice, with large quan- 
tities of the other articles of exportation, pass through this port. There was ex- 
ported, in 1843, about 300,000 bales of cotton, 25,000 tierces of rice, and near 
8,000,000 feet of lumber. Two companies employ on the Savannah river alone 
17 steam-boats, some of which are of iron, and more than 70 tow-boats, some 
being as large as 150 tons burthen. In 1840, the tonnage of the port was 17,930 
tons. 

^ The city of Augusta, the great interior emporium of the State, stands on the 
Savannah, at the head of steam-boat navigation. It is handsomely built, and con- 
tains a City-Hall, 7 churches, an Hospital, Arsenal, Theatre, &c. ; a bridge 
across the Savannah, 1200 feet long, connects it with Hamburg. The population 
amounted, in 1840, to 6500. Augusta is the depot of an extensive tract of pro- 
ductive and populous country, and is connected with the sea by the Charleston 
and Hamburg rail-road, and the Savannah river. 

Milledgeville, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Oconee, at 
the head of steam-boat navigation, and is a place of some trade. Population in 
1840, 2095. It contains the State-House, the Penitentiary, on the Auburn plan, 
State Arsenal, &c. Athens, a thriving little town above Milledgeville, is the 
seat of the University of Georgia. Population, 1200. 



62 



UNITED STATES. 



Macon is situated at the head of navigation on the Ocmulgee; it consisted in 
1823 of a single cabin; in 1830 it had a population of 2600 souls, and in 1840, 
3927. Its trade is extensive and increasing ; there is a considerable number of 
saw and grist-mills in the vicinity. A great amount of cotton is shipped from 
this place. 

Columbus is situated on the Chattahoochee, at the head of navigation, and 430 
miles from the sea. The town was first laid out in 1828, when the site was ye 
covered with the native forest ; in 1842 it contained over 4000 inhabitants, with 
several churches, newspapers, &c. Steam-boats run regularly from here to New 
Orleans, and 60,000 bales of cotton were shipped from the town in 1842, when 
15 steam-boats were employed on the Chattahoochee. Dahlonega, in the north- 
ern part of the State, between tlie Chestatee and Etowa, is the seat of one of the 
offices of the United States Mint. 

Darien is a neat and thriving little town, with an active trade in cotton, and in 
the lumber which is brought down the river in large quantities. Its population 
is about 2500. Brunswick, with a spacious harbour, is situated on Turtle river 
about 10 miles nearly due west from the opening between St. Simon's and 
Jekyl islands. St. Mary's, a small town on the river of the same name, just 
above its entrance into Cumberland Sound, derives importance from its fine deep 
harbour, the most southerly on the coast from Georgia to Florida. 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 

Florida, is bounded north by Alabama and Georgia; east by the Atlantic 
Ocean; south and west by the Gulf of Mexico. Formerly the name of Florida 
was applied to the whole country east of the Mississippi, and south of the parallel 
of 31° north latitude. The river Appalachicola divided it into East and West 
Florida. The part lying between the Mississippi and Pearl river is now included 
in the State of Louisiana ; the part between Pearl river and the Perdido, belongs 
to the States of Mississippi and Alabama; and the part east of the Perdido is 
the country that is now called Florida. Its mean length, from north to south, is 
380 miles, and the mean breadth 150, the area being 57,750 square miles. 

The surface of Florida is in general level, and not much elevated above the 
sea. It is intersected by numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers, of which the prin- 
cipal are the St. John's, Appalachicola, Suwanee, Ocklockony, Choctawhatchie, 
Escambia, and Yellow-Water rivers. The southern part of the peninsula is a 
mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp rocks, interspersed 
with a scattered growth of shrubby pines. 

The gulf stream setting along the coast has here worn away the land, forming 
those islands, keys and rocks, known by the general name of Reefs, or Keys, 
between which and the main land is a navigable channel. These islands con- 
tain some settlements and many good harbours. One of the most important is 
Key West, 6 miles long and two in breadth, on which is the town of Key West, 
a naval station, and the seat of an admiralty court: the harbour is good, well 
sheltered, and of sufficient depth of water to admit the largest vessels. 

The eddies which set towards the shore from the gulf stream cause many ship- 
wrecks on this part of the coast, furnishing employment to the Bahama wreckers. 
The soil of Florida is in some parts, especially on the banks of the rivers, equal 
to any in the world; in other parts, it is indiflferent; and there are large tracts 
which are represented to be of little value. 

Live-oak timber is one of the most valuable products of Florida. The fig, 
pomegranate, orange, and date, are among the fruits; cotton is the chief agricul- 
tural staple ; the sugar-cane is also pretty extensively cultivated ; rice is raised 
in large quantities; and indigo formerly furnished a valuable article of exporta- 
tion, but is now only raised for family use. But Florida is on the whole better 
suited for a grazing country ; and its vast herds of cattle, horses, swine, &c., 
find a boundless extent of range in its fine pastures. 

The climate, from October to June, is generally salubrious; but the months of 



FLORIDA. G3 



July, August, and September, are hot and uncomfortable ; and during this season, 
fevers are prevalent. At St. Augustine, however, the climate is delightful, and 
this place is the resort of invalids. 

In the year 1822 Spain ceded Florida to the United States, in compensation 
for spoliations committed on the commerce of the latter. From that lime, it wzs 
governed as a territory until 1845, when it became a State. Florida was lately, 
for several years, the theatre of a war between the United States and the Semi- 
nole Indians. In 1818 this tribe was conquered by General Jackson, and agreed 
to abandon the territory and remove west of the Mississippi. Preparations were 
made for their removal in 1835, but being reluctant to leave their country, they 
commenced hostilities under Osceola; but, after a protracted war, they were at 
length subdued. The Indians are now, for the most part, removed to a desirable 
country beyond the Mississippi, where, it is hoped, that they will remain undis- 
turbed and at peace with their neighbours. 

The population, in 1830, was 34,723 ; in 1840, 54,477; of which 16,456 were 
white males, and 11,487, females; free coloured persons, males, 398; females, 
419; slaves, males, 13,038; females, 12,679. There were employed in agri- 
culture 12,117; in commerce 481; in manufactures and trades 1177; in navi- 
gating the ocean 435; on canals and rivers 118 ; in the learned professions, and 
engineers, 204. 

There were in the State in 1840, 12,043 horses and mules; 118,081 neat cat- 
tle; 7198 sheep; 92,680 swine; poultry was raised to the value of $61,007; 
bushels of Indian corn 898,974; 75,274 pounds of tobacco; 481,420 of rice ; 
12,110,533 of cotton; and 275,317 of sugar. A small amount of rye and hay 
was produced. 

The manufactures are inconsiderable; the amount of capital employed in that 
branch, in 1840, was $669,490; and in home-made or family articles $20,205. 
There is no college, at present, in Florida. In 1840 there were 18 academies 
and grammar-schools, with 732 students ; and 51 common and primary schools, 
with 925 scholars. There were 1303 white persons, over 20 years of age, who 
could neither read nor write. 

St. Augustine is the oldest town in Florida, and also in the United States ; it 
was settled by the Spaniards in 1565; it stands at the junction of two small 
creeks, called the Matanzas and the North River. It is regularly built, but the 
streets are narrow ; the houses are generally two stories high, surrounded with 
balconies and piazzas; it contains 4 churches; a U. S. Barracks, and Land 
Office. It is commanded by Fort Marion, which stands at the mouth of the har- 
bour. On Amelia island, the north-eastern corner of Florida, is the little village of 
Fernandina, which, during the embargo, and the late war, was an important depot. 

Jacksonville, on the St. Johns river, is a flourishing town, forming the depot 
of the trade of the surrounding country ; it is also a considerable thoroughfare. 
In the middle section of the territory are St. Marks, Tallahassee, Quincy, Mari- 
anna, Monticello and Appalachicola. St, Marks is the shipping-port of a popu- 
lous and productive district, and is a growing town, with a good harbour; the 
entrance affords 12 feet water; but up to the town, 6 miles from the sea, the bay 
carries only 8 feet. 

Tallahassee, the capital of Florida, stands on an eminence in a fertile district, 
and contains 3 churches; a bank; a State House; jail; market, and an aca- 
demy. The population in winter is about 2500. Appalachicola is a flourishing 
little town, at the mouth of the river of the same name. It has a good harbour, 
and its trade in cotton is considerable ; about 20 steamboats navigate the river, 
besides other craft; it has an Episcopal church, and two banks. 

St. Joseph's, on the bay of the same name, is also a place of growing trade; 
the bay affords 25 to 33 feet of water, and is well sheltered from all winds; this 
is connected with Jola, on the Appalachicola river, by a rail-road. Pensacola, on 
the bay of the same name, is important as a naval station of the United States ; 
it is accessible, to small vessels, through Santa Rosa Sound; a long, shallow 
lagoon, sheltered by the island of Santa Rosa, which also fronts the bay of Pen- 
sacola, and through the main channel to ships of war, up to the navy-yard, about 
8 miles below the town. The population of Pensacola is about 2000. 



64 



UNITED STATES. 



1 



STATE OF ALABAMA. 

The State of Alabama is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Georgia, south 
by Florida, and west by the State of Mississippi. Length 280 miles; breadth 
160 miles ; area 46,000 square miles. 

The principal rivers are the Alabama, Tombigby, Black Warrior, Coosa, Tal- 
lapoosa, Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Perdido, and Cahawba. 

The southern part of the country, which borders on the Gulf of Mexico and 
West Florida, for the space of 50 miles wide, is low and level, covered with pine, 
cypress, &c. ; in the middle it is hilly, with some tracts of open land ; the nor- 
thern part is somewhat broken and mountainous, and the country generally is 
more elevated above the sea, than most other parts of the United States at equal 
distance from the ocean. The Alleghany mountains terminate in the north-east 
part. The forest trees in the middle and northern part consist of black and white 
oak, hickory, poplar, cedar, chestnut, pine, mulberry, &c. 

Alabama possesses great diversity of soil, climate, natural, vegetable, and 
mineral productions. Occupying the valley of the Mobile, and its tributary 
streams, together with a fine body of land on both sides of the Tennessee river, 
its position in an agricultural and commercial point of view is highly advan- 
tageous. A considerable portion of that part of the State which lies between the 
Alabama and Tombigby, of that part watered by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and 
of that on the Tennessee, consists of very excellent land. On the margin of many 
of the rivers there is a considerable quantity of cane-bottom land, of great fertility, 
generally from a half to three-quarters of a mile wide. On the outside of this, is 
a space which is low, wet, and intersected by stagnant water. Next to the river 
swamp, and elevated above it ten or fifteen feet, succeeds an extensive body of 
level land of a black, rich soil, with a growth of hickory, black oak, post oak, 
dogwood, poplar, &c. After this come the prairies, which are plains of level, 
or gently waving land, without timber, clothed with grass, herbage, and flowers, 
and exhibiting in the month of May the most enchanting scenery. 

The sugar-cane has been found to succeed very well in the extreme southern 
strip, between Florida and Mississippi, and indigo was formerly raised ; rice also 
grows well on the alluvial bottom near the Gulf; but cotton, which thrives 
throughout the State, is the great agricultural staple. The cotton raised in 1840 
amounted to 117,138,822 pounds. There are five principal and several other 
minor mines of gold and silver in Randolph Cjounty, producing about $125,000 
annually, and employing from 300 to 500 people. There are inexhaustible beds 
of fine iron ore in the same county. There are also rich mines of gold and silver 
in Tallapoosa, and gold has also been found in Coosa, Talladega and Chambers 
counties. Iron foundries have been established in Benton and Talladega. Nitre 
is found in abundance in Blount. There are immense quantities of coal near 
Tuscaloosa and in many other places. Salt can be manufactured near Jackson, 
in Clarke county ; iron ore, marble, granite, limestone, &c., are also found in ti\4 
same county. Lead ore, in large quantities, and of excellent quality, is found 
in the bed of the Tennessee, on the Muscle Shoals. 

Alabama has a sea-coast of only 60 miles, which, however, contains Mobile 
Bay, one of the deepest basins on the Gulf. It is about 30 miles long, and from 
3 to 18 broad, and the main entrance has 15 feet of water at low tide ; but vessels 
drawing more than 8 or 9 feet cannot approach nearer than 11 miles from the town 
of Mobile, except at high water. 

The population in 1800 was only 2000; in 1810, 10,000; in 1820, 127,901; 
in 1830, 308,997; in 1840, 590,756, of whom 253,532 were slaves. Free white 
males 176,692; do. females 158,493; free coloured males 1030; do. females 
1009. Employed in agriculture 177,439 ; in commerce 2212 ; in manufactures 
and trades 7195; navigating the ocean 256 ; do, canals, rivers, &c, 758; learned 
professions 1514. 

There were in this State, in 1840, 143,147 horses and mules; 668,018 neat 
cattle, 163,243 sheep; 1,423,873 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
$404,994. There were produced, 828,052 bushels of wheat; 20,947,004 of 



ALABAMA. G5 



Indian corn; 1,406,353 of oats ; 1,708,356 of potatoes; 117,138,823 pounds of 
cotton; 273,302 of tobacco; 149,019 of rice. Tlie exports, in 1840, amounted 
to $12,854,694, and the imports to $574,651. 

Domestic or family articles made in 1840, amounted to $1,656,119. The capi- 
tal employed in manufactures was $2,130,064, a large portion of which was em- 
ployed in flouring and other mills. 

The University of Alabama, at Tuscaloosa, La Grange College, at La Grange, 
and Spring Hill Colleg.e, near Mobile, are the principal literary institutions in the 
State; these had, in 1844, 251 students. There were in the State, in 1840, 114 
academies and grammar-schools, with 5018 scholars, and 639 commou and pri- 
mary schools, with 16,243 scholars. There were in the State 22,592 white persons 
over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 

Of the religious denominations, the Methodists are the most numerous ; in 1842 
they had 34,868 communicants ; the Baptists had 535 churches, 254 ministers, 
and 25,934 communicants. There were also Episcopalian, Roman Catholics, &c. 

This State has not neglected works of internal improvement. Muscle-Shoals 
canal is designed to overcome an obstruction in Tennessee river, and extends from 
Florence 36 miles, to Brown's Ferry, at the head of the shoals. Huntsville 
canal extends from Triana, on Tennessee river, to Huntsville, 16 miles. Mont- 
gomery and West Point rail-road extends from Montgomery to West Point, at 
the head of the rapids on Chattahoochee river, 87 miles. The Tuscumbia, Cort- 
land and Decatur rail-road extends from Decatur to Tuscumbia, 44 miles. The 
rail-roads in progress of construction are the Selma and Tennessee, from Selma 
to Gunter's landing, on Tennessee river, 170 miles. The Wetumpka, from We- 
tumpka, 56 miles, to Fort Williams, at the head of the falls of Coosa river, and 
is designed to unite with the Selma and Tennessee rail-road. The Cahawba and 
Marion, 35 miles, will connect the two places. 

The city of Mobile is a flourishing commercial town, being the depot for nearly 
the whole State of Alabama and part of Georgia and Mississippi ; it is built on a 
dry and elevated spot, but was formerly rendered unhealthful by the surrounding 
marshes ; these, however, have been drained, and the streets have been paved with 
shells, and of late years Mobile has not suffered from diseases. The harbour is 
good, and numerous steam-boats run on the Alabama and Tombigby rivers and 
to New Orleans. Mobile is next to New Orleans the largest cotton market in 
the United States ; 320,000 bales have been exported here in one year. This 
city contains a Court-House, Jail, Custom-House, a U. S. Naval Hospital, a 
City Hospital, 3 banks, the Barton Academy, and 7 churches. The exports 
amount to from 12 to 16 millions of dollars annually. It suffered severely by fire 
in 1827 and in 1839 ; at the latter period, 600 houses were burnt, but it has been 
rebuilt with increased convenience and beauty. Population, in 1840, 12,672; in 
1845, over 17,000. Blakely, on the opposite side of the bay, on a high, open, 
and healthy site, with deeper water and a harbour easier of access than that of 
Mobile, has not thriven in the same manner, and is only a little village. It con- 
tains a Court-House, 10 stores, &c. 

Montgomery, near the head of the Alabama, is a busy, growing place, with 
about 2300 inhabitants. Wetumpka, on the Coosa, at the head of steam-boat 
navigation, was cut out of the forest in 1832, and in 1835 it was a place of con- 
siderable business. Population in 1840, 2600. Gainesville, on the Tombigby 
river, is a thriving place, lately settled. Population, about 1200. 

Tuscaloosa, the capital, stands in a rich district, on a fine site, near the centre 
of the State, on the Black Warrior river, and, being accessible to steam-boats, is 
a place of considerable trade ; it contains the State-House, the halls of the Uni- 
versity, the county buildings, &c. The population of the town is about 2000. 

Florence, below Muscle-Shoals, at the head of steam-boat navigation on the 
Tennessee, is a growing place of about 2000 inhabitants, with a prosperous trade. 
Tuscumbia, opposite to Florence, is also a thriving town. Population, 2000. 
Above the Shoals, and about ten miles north of the river, is Huntsville, situated 
in a very fertile and beautiful region, with about 2500 inhabitants. 



34 



66 UNITED STATES. 



i 



STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 

The State of Mississippi is bounded on the north by Tennessee, east by Ala- 
bama, south by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, west by Louisiana and Arkan- 
sas. It is about 300 miles in average length, and 160 in breadth; area, about 
48,000 square miles. The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Pearl, Pascagoula, 
Yazoo, Big Black, and Tombigby. The Mississippi forms the western boundary 
from lat. 31° to 35° north ; 308 miles in a right line, but by the course of the 
river near 700 miles. 

The Yazoo or Mississippi Swamp is an extensive tract of country between 
the Yazoo river and the Mississippi, about 175 miles in length and 50 in breadth, 
with an area of 7000 square miles. A considerable part of it is annually over- 
flowed by the waters of the Mississippi, and at that period it assumes the appear- 
ance of a vast marine forest. Many parts of it have an excellent soil, and produce 
large crops of cotton, &c. ; it is also intersected by numerous creeks and bayous, 
leading to and from the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. Numerous mounds, walls, 
and enclosures, are found in it, attesting the existence of a considerable population 
at some former period. The Cold Water river, the head branch of the Yazoo, 
communicates with the Mississippi by a bayou or creek called the Yazoo Pass, 
through which boats of considerable burthen pass and repass during periods of 
high water. 

The southern part of the State, extending about 100 miles north from the Gulf 
of Mexico, is mostly a champaign country, with occasional hills of moderate ele- 
vation, and is covered with forests of the long-leaved pine, interspersed with 
cypress swamps, open prairies, and inundated marshes. A considerable portion 
of this part is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is generally sandy, sometimes 
gravelly and clayey. It is capable of producing cotton, corn, indigo, sugar, gar- 
den vegetables, plums, cherries, peaches, figs, sour oranges, and grapes. 

In proceeding north, the face of the country becomes more elevated and agree- 
ably diversified. The growth of timber consists of poplar, hickory, oak, black 
walnut, sugar-maple, buckeye, elm, hackberry, &c., and the soil is exceedingly 
fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton, corn, sweet-potatoes, indigo, garden 
vegetables, and fruit. Nearly all the country watered by the Yazoo is described 
as incomparably fertile and well watered. 

Tobacco and indigo were formerly the staples of Mississippi, but cotton, at pre- 
sent, is the chief production of the State, and it absorbs nearly all the industry 
of the inhabitants, to the exclusion even of corn and cattle. The crop of 1840 
amounted to nearly half a million bales. Some sugar is produced in the southern 
strip, but the cane does not appear to thrive. 

The population, in 1816, was 45,921 ; in 1820, 75,448; in 1830, 136,806; in 
1840,375,651; of whom 192,211 were slaves. Of the free population, 97,256 
were white males ; 81,818 white females ; free coloured males, 715 ; do. females, 
654. Employed in agriculture, 139,724; in commerce, 1303; in manufactures 
and trades, 4151 ; in navigating the ocean, 33 ; do. rivers, canals, &c., 100; in 
the learned professions, 1506. 

There were in this State, in 1840, 109,227 horses and mules; 623,197 neat 
cattle; 128,367 sheep; 1,001,209 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of 
$369,482. There were produced, 196,626 bushels of wheat; 11,444 of rye; 
13,161,237 of Indian corn; 1654 of barley ; 668,624 of oats ; 1,630,100 of pota- 
toes; 175,196 pounds of wool ; 6835 of wax; 83,471 of tobacco; 777,195 of 
rice; 193,401,577 of cotton. The produce of the dairy was valued at $359,585; 
of the orchard, at $14,458 ; of lumber, at $192,794; tar, pitch, and turpentine 
amounted to 2248 barrels. 

The amount of home-made or family articles, was $682,945 ; 53 cotton manu- 
factories produced articles to the amount of $1744, employed a capital of $6420; 
hats and caps were manufactured to the amount of $5140, employing a capital of 
$8100; 128 tanneries employed a capital of $70,870; 42 other manufactories of 
leathp"-, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the amount of $118,167, employ 
in J a capital of $41,945; two per^^ns produced confectionary to the amount of 






MISSISSIPPI. 67 11 



$10,500; 274 persons produced machinery to the amount of $242,225; 132 per- 
sons produced carriages and wagons to the amount of $49,693; 16 flouring-mills 
produced 1809 barrels of flour, and with other mills manufactured articles to the 
amount of $486,864; vessels were built to the amount of $13,925. The total 
amount of capital employed in manufactures was $1,797,727. 

There are three colleges in this State. Jefferson College, at Washington, 6 
miles east of Natchez, was founded in 1802, and has been liberally endowed ; 
Oakland College, at Oakland, was founded in 1831, and is prosperous; Cenlen- 
nary College, at Brandon Springs, was founded in 1841, by the Methodists, and 
is flourishing. The colleges existing in 1840 had about 250 students. There 
were in the State 71 academies, with 2553 students ; and 382 common and pri- 
mary schools, with 8236 scholars. There were in the State 8360 white persons 
over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 

The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous religious denominations. 
In 1836, the Methodists had 53 travelling preachers, and 9707 communicants ; 
the Baptists had 84 churches, 34 ministers, and 3199 communicants : the Episco- 
palians had 4 ministers; the Presbyterians, of different descriptions, had 32 
churches and 26 ministers. 

A rail-road extends from Vicksburg, 50 miles, to Jackson, and is extended 14 
miles farther, to Brandon. A rail-road extends from Natchez, and is designed 
to be continued through Jackson to Canton, a part only of which is completed. 
Several other rail-roads have been projected, and some work done on them. 

Natchez, the largest town in the State, is situated on the east bank of the Mis- 
sissippi, 300 miles above New Orleans. It consists of two distinct parts ; the 
lower town, called Natchez under the Hill, and the Upper town ; the former is 
built on the margin of the river, about half a mile in length, and from 100 to 200 
yards in breadth ; it is occupied by warehouses, tippling-shops, boarding-houses 
for the boatmen, &c. ; the upper town stands on a lofty bank or blutf, rising 
abruptly to the height of 300 feet, and is the residence of the better class of citi- 
zens. The streets are wide, regularly disposed, and adorned with fine shade- 
trees, and it is during the greater part of the year an agreeable and healthful resi- 
dence. Natchez contains a Court-Honse, Jail, 4 churches, 3 banks, an Academy, 
a Female Seminary, Hospital, an Orphan Asylum, Masonic Hall, Theatre, 2 steam- 
mills, &c. It is a great cotton mart, and in the busy season the streets are blocked 
up with bales of cotton. Population, 4800. 

Vicksburg, 106 miles above Natchez, stands on the declivity of several consider- 
able eminences, called the Walnut Hills, rising abruptly from the river. It is sur- 
rounded by numerous plantations, and is the depot of a large tract of ountry, which 
a few years since was occupied solely by Indians. The city contains a Court- 
House, Jail, 4 churches, 3 academies, 100 stores, and 3200 inhabitants. A 
number of steam and other boats are constantly in harbour, loading and unloading 
their cargoes ; and a large amount of cotton is annually shipped from hence. 
All the trade of the Yazoo country centres in this place. Vicksburg is upwards 
of 500 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, by the Mississippi river. 

On the west bank of Pearl river is Jackson, the capital of the State : it is 
situated in a plain about a half mile square, on which stand the State-House, the 
Penitentiary, and some other public buildings. It contains about 2100 inhabitants. 

Woodville, in the south-western part of the State, 18 miles from the Missis- 
sippi, is a very pretty village, with 800 inhabitants. The little village of Fort 
Adams is considered as its port on the Mississippi, but Woodville is now con- 
nected with the river at St. Francisville by a rail-road. 

Port Gibson is a flourishing little town, prettily situated on the Bayou Pierre, 
and laid out with great regularity. Population, 1200. The river is navigable 
for steam-boats to this place in time of high water, and a rail-road connects it with 
Grand Gulf, its port on the Mississippi. The latter, finely situated on a natural 
terrace, takes its name from a remarkable eddy in the river, and is a thriving 
town with 1000 inhabitants. Yazoo city, on the Yazoo river, and Grenada, on 
the Yalabusha, are thriving places, as are also Aberdeen and Columbus, on the 
Tombigby : the latter place has a population of more than 2000, and an extensive 
commercial business is transacted here. 



18 



68 UNITED STATES, 



STATE OF LOUISIANA. 

Louisiana is bounded on the north by the States of Arkansas and Mississippi ; 
on the east, by the latter State ; on the south, by the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the 
west, by the republic of Texas. The 33d degree of north latitude is the northern 
boundary, west of the Mississippi river; and the 31st degree on the east of that 
liver; the Pearl river is its extreme eastern boundary, and the Sabine its western. 
It is in length 240 miles, by 210 in breadth ; and contains 48,220 square miles. 

Three-fourths of the State are without an elevation that can be properly called 
u hill. The pine woods generally have a surface of a very peculiar character, 
rising' into fine swells, with table surfaces on the summit, and valleys intervening 
from 30 to 40 feet deep. The alluvial soil is level, and the swamps, which are 
the only inundated alluvions, are dead flats. The prairies, which constitute a 
large portion of the surface of the State, have, in a remarkable degree, all the 
distinctive aspects of prairies. To the eye they seem as level as the still surface 
of a lake. They are, except the quaking prairies, higher and drier than the savan- 
nas of Florida. 

The Mississippi, after having formed the boundary of the State for about 450 
miles, enters its limits, 350 miles from the sea by the course of the river channel. 
Throughout this distance of 800 miles, its western bank is low, and flooded in 
high stages of the river. Outlets, or bayotis, receive its surplus waters during 
the period of the annual inundation, which are carried off by them to the sea : 
the principal of these bayous are the Atchalafaya, Plaquemine, La Fourche, &c. 
The rivers in this State, in addition to the Mississippi, are, the Red river; the 
Washita, flowing into the Red river; the Teche, Vermillion, Merraentau, and 
Calcasieu, run into the Gulf of Mexico, together with the Pearl, on the east, and 
the Sabine, on the west. The Red river is the most important. Soon after en- 
tering Louisiana, its bed was formerly choked up by an immense accumulation 
of fallen timber, called The Raft, which extended over a distance of 160 miles; 
but a large part of it has been removed by the exertions of the general govern- 
ment, and the whole mass will soon be cleared away. 

On the banks of the Mississippi, La Fourche, the Teche, and the Vermillion, 
below lat. 30° 12' north, wherever the soil is elevated above the annual inunda- 
tions, sugar can be produced ; and the lands are generally devoted to this crop. 
In all other parts of the State, cotton is the staple. Rice is more particularly 
confined to the banks of the Mississippi, where irrigation can be easily performed. 
The amount of sugar has gradually increased in this State, from 1783 to the pre- 
sent time. The crop of sugar is now about 100,000 hhds. The prairies of the 
western parishes afford fine pastures, and here are found large herds of cattle and 
horses. Rice, corn, tobacco and indigo are also produced. In the eastern part 
of the State, between the Mississippi and Pearl rivers, lumber is cut for exporta- 
tion, and some tar, pitch, and turpentine are prepared. 

The population of Louisiana in 1810 was ?6,556 ; in 1820, 153,407; in 1830, 
'218,575; in 1840, 352,411 ; of whom 168,452 were slaves. Of the free population, 
89,747 were white males; 68,710 do. females ; 1 1,526 coloured males ; 13,976 do. 
females. Employed in agriculture, 79,289 ; in commerce, 8549 ; in manufactures 
and trades, 7565; in navigating the ocean, 1322; do. canals, lakes, and rivers, 
662; in the learned professions, 1018. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 98,888 horses and mules; 381,248 neat 
cattle ; 98,072 sheep ; 323,220 swine. Poultry was raised to the value of $283,559. 
There were produced, 60 bushels of wheat; 1812 of rye; 5,952,912 of Indian 
corn; 107,353 of oats; 834,341 of potatoes; 119,824 pounds of tobacco ; 3,604,534 
of rice; 152,555,368 of cotton; 1 19,947,720 of sugar ; 24,651 tons of hay ; 49,283 
pounds of wool. The products of the dairy were valued at $153,069; of the 
' orchard at $11,769; of lumber at $66,106. There were made 2884 gallons of 
wine, and 2233 barrels of tar, pitch and turpentine. 

The exports of this State amounted, in 1840, to $34,236,936; but these be- 
long to the great and fertile States of the Mississippi valley. Its imports 
amounted to $10,673,190. 



1 rnw*^" 



LOUISIANA. 



G9 






Home-made or family manufactures amounted to $65,190 ; two cotton factories 
produced articles to the amount of $18,900, with a capital of $22,000; six fur- 
naces produced 1700 tons of cast-iron, and two furnaces produced 13G6 tons of 
bar-iron, employing a capital of $357,000 ; 25 tanneries employed a capital of 
S132,025; seven other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced 
articles to the amount of $108,500, and employed a capital of $89,550; 5 sugar 
refineries produced to the amount of $770,000 ; hardware and cutlery was pro- 
duced to the amount of $30,000 ; mills of various kinds produced articles to the 
aracamt of $706,785^ and employed a capital of $1,870,795 ; vessels were built 
to the amount of $80,500; 5 distilleries produced 285,520 gallons of distilled 
spirits ; and one brewery 2400 gallons of beer. The total amount of capital em- 
ployed in manufactures was $0,430,699. 

Louisiana College, at Jackson, was founded in 1825 ; Jefferson College, at 
Bringiers, founded in 1831 ; St. Charles College, at Grand Coteau, is under the 
direction of the Roman Catholics; Baton Rouge College, at Baton Rouge, was 
founded in 1838; Franklin College, at Opelousas, was founded in 1839. In 
these institutions there were, in 1840, 437 students. There were in the State 52 
academies, with 1995 students; 179 common and primary schools, with 3573 
scholars. There were 4861 white persons, over 20 years of age, who could 
neither read nor write. In 1835 the legislature granted to three colleges $363,775, 
to be paid out of the State treasury ; viz., $48,775 to Jefferson College, to defray 
the expense of its buildings, and $15,000 annually, for the period of 10 years ; to 
Louisiana College, $15,000 annually, for the same period, to pay the salaries of 
their professors, and to lower the rates of tuition, and other expenses ; and $15,000 
also to Franklin College. 

The State was originally settled by Roman Catholics ; and they are still the 
most numerous religious denomination. In 1835 they had 27 ministers. Metho- 
dists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians, exist in considerable numbers 
and are increasing. 

Several works of internal improvement have been undertaken. Pontchartrain 
Rail-road extends from New Orleans, 4-^ miles, to lake Pontchartrain, and cost, 
originally, $200,000, and with its improvements $500,000. West Feliciana 
Railroad extends from St. Francisville, on the Mississippi river, 20 miles, to 
Woodville, Miss. Orleans street Rail-roa'd, through Orleans street, is li miles 
long, and connects New Orleans with the Bayou St. John's. New Orleans and 
Carrolton Rail-road extends from New Orleans, 6^ miles, to Carrol ton, passing 
through Lafayette. It has city branches, making its whole length 11| miles. 
Various other rail-roads and canals have been projected, and some work has been 
done upon them, but they are at present suspended. 

New Orleans, the third commercial mart in the Union, and the capital of Lou- 
isiana, stands on the left bank of the Mississippi, 100 miles from the sea by the 
course of the river, and four miles from Lake Pontchartrain. Steamboats and 
small vessels come up to the landing on the latter, where an artificial harbour has 
been formed, and whence a rail-road and two canals extend to the rear of the town. 
In the front of the city, on the river, the largest merchant-ships lie close up to 
the levee or bank, so that no wharves are necessary to enable them to load and 
discharge. The river is here from 100 to 160 feet deep, and a half-mile wide. 

New Orleans is the depot of the whole Mississippi Valley, and must increase 
in importance with the daily growing wealth and population of that vast region. 
Thousands of huge arks and flat-boats float down its mighty artery, loaded with 
the produce of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, as well as with that of 
the more western States. The number of steamboat arrivals and departures is 
greater here than in any other city in the United States. The exports, including 
the foreign and coasting trade, are not less than $40,000,000 annually ; but its im- 
ports are vastly less. l\Iuch of the western country, which exports its produce by 
the way of New Orleans, imports its goods from New York. In 1842,740,267 bales 
of cotton were exported to foreign ports and coastwise. The licensed and enrolled 
tonnage, in 1840, was 126,613 tons. According to the census of that year, the capi- 
tal engaged in foreign trade amounted to $16,490,000 ; and in the retail trade 



70 UNITED STATES. 



to $11,018,225. New Orleans depends, generally, for manufactured articles, 
upon other places ; in 1840, the capital employed in manufactures was $1,774,200. 

The city stands on a dead level, and is regularly laid oat with the streets inter- 
secting each other at right angles, as the surface of the water is from two to four 
feet above the level of the city, at high water, and even in low stages of water is 
above the swamps in the rear ; a levee, or embankment, from four to eight feet 
high, has been made all along the river, to prevent inundations ; a breach or cre- 
vasse sometimes occurs in this dike, but it is rarely permitted to do much damage 
before it is closed. Among the public buildings are the Cathedral of St. Louis, 
a massive and imposing building with four towers, and 9 other churches, the 
State-House, Custom-House, Exchange, United States Mint, and Land-Office ; 
16 banks, with an aggregate capital of $40,000,000; 12 insurance companies, 
with a capital of $3,600,000 ; 3 theatres, some of which are splendid structures ; 
4 markets, and a number of hotels, two of which are very splendid, and cost 
$600,000 each; the Ursuline Convent; the Charity Hospital; Orphan's Asy- 
lum, &c. The charitable institutions are numerous, and well conducted. There 
are two colleges, with 105 students; 10 academies, 440 students ; 25 schools, 
with 975 scholars. Regular lines of packets are established to all the chief At- 
lantic cities, as well as to Galveston, &c. Population in 1810, 17,242 ; in 1820, 
27,176 ; in 1830, 46,310.'; and in 1840, 102,193. 

Donaldsonville, for some time the capital, is one of the healthiest towns in the 
State, with about 1000 inhabitants, at the mouth of the Lafourche outlet. Baton 
Rouge, 130 miles by the river, above New Orleans, contains a military post and 
an arsenal of the United States. It stands on the first highland or bluff point 
passed in ascending the river. The population in 1840, was 2269. St. Francis- 
ville, at the mouth of the Qayou Sara, is a neat, busy, and thriving village, con- 
sisting chiefly of one street. 

Alexandria, on Red River, 100 miles from the Mississippi by the windings of 
the stream, is a pleasant little village in the centre of a rich cotton region, and 
ships large quantities of that staple for New Orleans. Natchitoches, 80 miles 
above, was founded in 1717. It was formerly the centre of the trade with the 
Mexican interior provinces, receiving bullion, horses, and mules, and sending off 
manufactured goods, tobacco, and spirits. St. Martinsville, and New Iberia, on 
the Teche, and Opelousas or St. Landre, to the north, are small villages contain- 
ing from 300 to 500 inhabitants, but surrounded by a fertile and well cultivated 
country. 

WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

This section of the United States comprises the States of Ohio, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Arkansas, and Iowa, the orga- 
nized Territory of Wisconsin, together with the nominal Territories of Missouri 
and Oregon, the Western or Indian Territory, and the region north of Iowa, which 
has not as yet received any distinctive name. It includes the whole of that vast 
space extending from the western base of the Alleghany Mountains to the Pacific 
Ocean, and from the Red river of Louisiana and the 42d degree of latitude on 
the south, to the parallels of 49° and 54° 40' on the north, extending from, east to 
west 2300 miles, and from north to south 1100 miles, comprising an area of 
1,683,000 square miles. 

The Chipewayan or Rocky Mountain range are the most important mountains 
in this region. They are but imperfectly known to us, and present a very rugged 
and sterile appearance, and oppose generally a formidable barrier to an intercourse 
between the countries on their opposite sides.. The other elevations are the Ozark 
Mountains, extending from Missouri south-west to Mexico ; the Black Hills, 
between the Missotiri and Yellow-Stone rivers; and between the former ri ■^er and 
the St. Peter's river a low ridge intervenes, known as the Coteau des Y airies; 
farther to the eastward, and immediately south of Lake Superior, the Porcupine 
Mountains extend, separating the rivers of Lake Superior from those of the Mis- 
sissippi and Lake Michigan. 



■MM 



WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 71 



The immense prairies of this region constitute the most remarkable feature of 
the country. These are level plains stretching as far as the eye can reach, totally 
destitute of trees, and covered with tall grass or flowering shrubs. Some have an 
undulating surface, and are called rolling prairies ; these are the most extensive, 
and are the favourite resort of the buffalo. Here, without a tree or a stream of 
water, the traveller may wander for days, and discover nothing but a grassy ocean 
bounded on all sides by the horizon. In the dry season the Indians set fire to the 
grass; and the wide conflagration which ensues, often surprises the bison, deer, 
and other wild animals, who are unable to escape from the flames, and are burned 
to death. 

Much of this great country, especially the northern and western parts, remains 
to be explored. Of the region west of the Mississippi, hardly anything was 
known before the beginning of the present century, when the government of the 
United States dispatched Captains Lewis and Clark on an expedition of disco- 
very. These officers, at the head of a large party, well equipped, proceeded up 
the Missouri in boats to its source, crossed the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific 
Ocean, and returned by the same course. The southern part was explored by an 
expedition under Lieut. Pike ; and at a later period, Major Long and other travel- 
lers have visited different parts of the country. 

But the great physical features of this region are its giant rivers, with their 
hundred arms spreading for thousands of miles through every comer of the terri- 
tory, and bringing its most remote recesses, in the very heart of a vast continent, 
almost into contact with the sea. The main trunk of this great system of rivers 
has been already described. The Ohio, on the east, and the Arkansas, Red river, 
and Platte, on the west, are the greatest of the subordinate streams. The first, 
gathering up the waters of one of the most fertile regions of the globe, bears upon 
its gentle current the products of a highly cultivated country. The last mentioned 
take their way for a considerable part of their course through barren tracts of 
sand. The Arkansas, however, has vast tracts of productive territory for many 
hundred miles in the lower part of its course. The Red river also passes through 
a less desert region than the Platte, the country in its lower part being iiighly 
fertile. The Alleghany and Monongahela, rising in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 
unite at Pittsburg, and take the name of Ohio. From Pittsburg to the Missis- 
sippi, the river has a course of 950 miles, receiving numerous navigable streams, 
from the two great inclined planes between which it runs. 

The great rivers, which form so striking a natural feature of this region, give 
to the mode of travelling and transportation in general, a peculiar cast, and have 
created a peculiar class of men, called boatmen. Craft of all descriptions are 
found on these waters. There are the rude, shapeless masses, that denote the 
infancy of navigation, and the powerful and richly adorned steam-boat which 
makes its perfection; together with all the intermediate forms between these 
extremes. Since the use of steam-boats, numbers of the other craft have disap- 
peared, and the number of river boatmen has been diminished by many thousands. 
The first steam-boat on these waters was built at Pittsburg, in 1811 ; since that 
time, about 800 have been built at different places, some of which are from 400 
to 500 tons burthen, but the greater number are from 90 to 150, 200, and 300 
tons ; there are at present not far from 400 steam-boats on the Mississippi and its 
tributaries, making an aggregate of about 90,000 tons. 

Lead, iron, coal, salt, and lime abound in the western States; and probably no 
region in the world exhibits such a combination of mineral wealth and fertility of 
soil, united with such rare facilities of transportation. Tobacco, Indian corn, 
hemp, cotton, salted provisions, flour, whiskey, hides and furs, coarse bagging, 
and lead, are the most important articles of export; and all sorts of manufactured 
goods and colonial produce are imported. 

The character of the western States is mixed, but the predominant traits are 
those of Virginia, and of New England. Kentucky was settled from Virginia and 
North Carolina ; while Ohio is a scion of New England. These two States have 
in turn sent their population farther west. But there is much sectional character, 
much of the openness and boldness of the men and their descendants, who con- 
tested every inch of territory with savages, whose houses were garrisons, and 

"18* ■ "" ~2B — — 



72 UNITED STATES, 



who fought at the threshold for their hearths and altars. The population of the 
western States and Territories, Jn 1840, was 4,458,154; of whom 443,856 were 
slaves. The inhabitants of tnis section are rapidly increasing in number, and 
are probably not less than 5,000,000. 

The negroes constitute about a tenth part of the population. They are held as 
slaves in all the States but Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Iowa. A few 
Indians yet remain within the limits of the western States. 



STATE OF OHIO. 



This enterprising and populous State is bounded on the north by Lake Erie 
and the State of Michigan; east by Pennsylvania and Virginia; south by the 
Ohio river, which separates it from Western Virginia and Kentucky ; and west 
by Indiana. Its length is 210 miles, and mean breadth 200, containing about 
40,000 square miles. The Ohio river forms the boundary of this State, on the 
south-east and south, for near 500 miles. 

The rivers which flow into Lake Erie on the north, are Maumee, Sandusky, 
Huron, Vermillion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula; those on the south 
flowing into the Ohio, are the Muskingum, Hockhocking, Little and Great Mi- 
ami. The Au-Glaize and St. Mary's, in the western part of the State, are branches 
of the Maumee. 

The interior and northern parts of the country, bordering on Lake Erie, are 
generally level, and in some places marshy. Nearly one-third of the eastern and 
south-eastern part is hilly and broken. The hills are numerous, but they seldom 
rise to any considerable height. Immediately upon the banks of the Ohio, and 
several of its tributaries, are numerous tracts of interval or meadow land, of great 
fertility. In the interior, on both sides of the Scioto, and on the Great and Little 
Miami, are perhaps the most extensive bodies of level and rich land in the State. 
In many parts there are large prairies, particularly on the head waters of the 
Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the two Miamis. Some of 
these prairies are low and marshy ; other prairies are elevated, and are frequently 
called barrens ; not always on account of their sterility, for they are often fertile. 
The most elevated tracts of country between the rivers, are the wettest and most 
marshy in the State ; and the driest land is that which borders on the various 
streams of water. 

Ohio produces abundantly everything which grows in the middle States. Flour 
is exported in vast quantities by the Ohio and Lake Erie to southern and eastern 
markets. Many steam-mills have been erected, especially in the vicinity of the 
Ohio river, for the manufacturing of that article. Mills for the same purpose, 
propelled by water, are to be found in every part of the State. Rye, oats, buck- 
wheat, &c., are produced abundantly; and tobacco is raised to the amount of 
50,000 hogsheads annually. Horses, cattle, and hogs are here raised in great 
numbers, and driven to an eastern market; and thousands of barrels of beef and 
pork are boated from all the towns on the navigable streams, for the southern 
part of the valley, or to New York. 

Coal is found in great quantities in the eastern parts. Iron ore has been disco- 
vered, and wrought pretty extensively in several places. Salt-springs are found 
on some of the eastern v/aters of Muskingum, and on Salt creek, 28 miles south- 
east of Chillicothe, where there are considerable salt-works. 

The manufactures of the State are rapidly increasing in importance. The local 
position of Ohio gives it great facilities for trade ; the Ohio river affords direct 
communication with all the country in the valley of the Mississippi, while by 
means of Lake Erie, on the north, it communicates with Canada and New York. 
The northern and eastern counties export great quantities of agricultural produce 
to Montreal and New York, and since the construction of the Ohio and Pennsyl- 
vania canals, many of the productions of the southern and western counties also 
find their way to New York and Philadelphia; an active export trade is also 
carried on down the river, by way of New Orleans. 



OHIO. 



73 



The rapid growth of the population of Ohio has never been paralleled ; in 52 
years from the time when it received its first white settlers, the number of its in- 
habitants was a million and a half, and is now (1845) estimated at 1,800,000. 
Its fertile and unoccupied lands attracted immigrants not only from the other 
States, chiefly the Eastern and Middle, but large bodies of Swiss and Germans, 
and great numbers of British emigrants, have settled themselves in its smiling 
valleys and rich plains. 

The population in 1790 was 3000; in 1800, 45,365; in 1810, 230,760; in 
1820, 581,434; in 1830,937,637; in 1840, 1,519,467 ; being the third in popu- 
lation in the United States. Of these, 775,360 were white males ; 726,762 white 
females; 8740 coloured males; 8602 coloured females. Employed in agricul- 
ture, 272,579 ; in commerce, 9201 ; in manufactures and trades, 66,265; in navi- 
gating the ocean, 212; do. rivers, canals, and lakes, 3323; in mining, 704 ; in 
the learned professions, 5663. 

Tliere were in this State in 1840, 430,527 horses and mules; 1,217,874 neat 
cattle; 2,028,401 sheep; 2,099,746 swine. Poultry was produced to the value 
of $551,193. There were produced 16,571,661 bushels of wheat; 814,205 of 
rye; 33,668,144 of Indian corn; 212,440 of barley; 633,139 of buckwheat; 
14,393,103 of oats; 5,805,021 of potatoes; 3,685,315 pounds of wool ; 5,942,275 
of tobacco; 6,363,386 of sugar; 62,195 of hops; 38,950 of wax; 4317 of silk 
cocoons; 1,022,037 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at 
$1,848,869; of the orchard, at $475,271 ; of lumber, at $262,821. There were 
made 11,524 gallons of wine; 6809 tons of pot and pearl ashes. 

The exports of the State, in 1841, were $793,114; and the imports were 
$11,318. This includes but a small portion of its trade, having relation only to 
its foreign commerce. 

Home-made or family goods were manufactured to the amount of $1,853,937 ; 
130 woollen manufactories and 206 fulling-mills produced articles to the value of 
$685,757, and employed a capital of $537,985; 8 cotton manufactories produced 
articles to the amount of $139,378, with a capital of $1 13,500 ; 72 furnaces manu- 
factured 35,236 tons of cast-iron, and 19 forges produced 7466 tons of bar-iron, 
and employed a capital of $1,161,900; 434 persons produced 3,513,409 bushels 
of bituminous coal, with a capital of $45,525; 14 paper-mills produced articles 
to the amount of $270,202, with a capital of $208,200 ; 31 persons manufactured 
hemp or flax, producing to the amount of $11,737; hats and caps were manu- 
factured to the amount of $728,513 ; 812 tanneries employed a capital of $957,383 ; 
1160 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the 
amount of $1,986,146, with a capital of $917,245 ; 187 persons manufactured 
tobacco to the ^mount of $212,818, with a capital of $68,810 ; 289 persons pro- 
duced hardware and cutlery to the amount of $393,300; 390 distilleries produced 
6,329,467 gallons of distilled spirits, and .59 breweries produced 1,422,584 gallons 
of beer, the whole employing a capital of $893,119 ; carriages and wagons were 
manufactured to the amount of $701,228, and employed a capital of $290,540; 
536 flouring-mills produced 1,311,954 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, pro- 
duced articles to the amount of $8,868,213, employing a capital of $4,931,024 ; 
vessels were built to the amount of $522,855. The total amount of capital em- 
ployed in manufactures was $16,905,257. 

The University of Ohio, at Athens, was founded in 1821 ; the Miami Univer- 
sity, at Oxford, in 1809. These institutions have been publicly endowed with 
large grants of land. Franklin College, at New Athens, was founded in 1825 ; 
the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, in 1826 ; Kenyon College, at Gam- 
bia (Episcopal), in 1826; Granville College, at Granville (Baptist), in 1832; 
Marietta College, at Marietta, in 1832 ; the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, at Ober- 
lin, in 1834; Cincinnati College, at Cincinnati, in 1819; as was also Wood- 
ward College, at the same place. Willoughby College, at Willoughby, is a 
medical institution, it was founded in 1834 ; Lane Theological Seminary, at 
Cincinnati, in 1829. There are theological departments in Kenyon, Western 
Reserve, and Granville colleges, and in the Oberlin Institute ; a Lutheran theolo- 
gical school at Columbus, and two medical and one law school at Cincinnati. 
At all these institutions there were, in 1840, 1717 students. There were in the 

35 



74 UNITED STATES. 

State, 73 academies, with 4310 students ; and 5186 common and primary schools, 
with 218,609 scholars. There were in the State 35,394 white persons, over 20 
years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

In 1836 the Presbyterians had 247 ministers; the Methodists had 200 minis- 
ters; the Baptists had 170 ministers; the Lutherans had 47 ministers ; tlie Epis- 
copalians had one bishop and 25 ministers ; the German Reformed had 26 minis- 
ters; and there were besides, a considerable number of Friends, Roman Catho- 
lics, and a few others. 

This State has some important works of internal improvement. The Ohio 
Canal extends from Cleveland on Lake Erie, 307 miles, to Portsmouth on the 
Ohio. It has the following navigable branches ; 14 miles to Zanesville ; 10 
miles to Columbus ; 9 miles to- Lancaster; 50 miles to Athens ; the Walholding 
branch of 23 miles; Eastport branch of 4 miles, and one of 2 miles, to Dresden. 
This important work was begun in 1825, and finished in 1832. The Miami 
Canal extends from Cincinnati, 178 miles, to Defiance, where it meets the Wa- 
bash and Erie Canal ; thus completing a second line of canal from Lake Erie to 
Ohio river. The whole distance from Lake Erie is 265 miles. The Mahoning 
Canal extends from the Ohio Canal, 88 miles, eight of which are in Pennsylva- 
nia, to Beaver river. The Sandy and Beaver Canal extends from the Ohio 
Canal, at Bolivar, 76 miles, to Ohio river, at the mouth of Little Beaver creek, 
and is but partially completed. The Milan Canal extends from Huron, 3 miles, 
to Milan, to which steamboats now ascend. The Mad River and Sandusky 
City Rail-road extends from Tiffin, 36 miles, to Sandusky city, and is designed 
to be continued to Cincinnati ; but is finished only 28 miles from Cincinnati. 
Several other railroads have been projected. 

Cincinnati, the largest city in the Western States, hence often called the 
" Queen of the West," is situated on the north bank of the Ohio, opposite the 
mouth of Licking river. The streets are drawn with great regularity, in lines 
parallel and at right angles to the Ohio. Its growth has been uncommonly rapid ; 
it was founded in 1789, and had, in the year 1800, 750 inhabitants; in 1820, 
964-2 ; in 1830, 24,831 ; and, in 1840, 46,338; including Fulton, Covington and 
Newport, which are properly suburbs of Cincinnati, the population amounted to 
60,000. One-third of the adult population is computed to be German. There 
are in Cincinnati 43 churches; 7 banks ; 4 market-houses ; a theatre; museum; 
3 colleges; a Mechanics' Institute; Academy of natural sciences; 2 libraries, 
and 3 Orphan Asylums. The city is supplied with water that is raised from the 
river, by steam-power, into reservoirs that are elevated 150 feet above low water 
mark. Cincinnati is the greatest pork market in the Union, 160,000 hogs, valued 
at $3,172,000, have been slaughtered here in a year. The capital employed in 
the foreign commercial and commission business amounted, in 1840, to $5,200,000; 
by 1035 retail stores, $12,877,000; the manufactures employ 10,647 persons ; a 
capital of $14,541,842, and produce articles to the amount of $17,432,670; this 
also includes some of the manufactures of Fulton, Covington and Newport. 

Columbus, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Scioto, in a 
rich and beautiful district, at the intersection of the river by the National Road, 
and a branch of the Ohio Canal. It is built on a regular plan, with a square 
in the centre of the town, round which stand some of the principal public build- 
ings. Here are the State-House, a Lunatic Asylum, an Asylum for the Deaf 
and Dumb, an Institute for the Blind, a Penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn 
plan, Court-House, seven churches, a bank, &c. Population in 1840, 6048. 

Chillicothe stands between Paint Creek and the Scioto, and the streets, ex- 
tending across the neck from river to river, are intersected at right angles by 
others running parallel to the Scioto. Population, in 1840, 3977. The manu- 
factures of the place are pretty extensive, and are rapidly increasing. Ports- 
mouth, at the southern end of the Ohio Canal, derives importance from its situa- 
tion ; its trade is considerable, and there are here several iron-founderies, nail- 
factories, saw and grist-mills, &c. Population, in 1840, 1500. 

Zanesville is situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the Muskingum, by 
which and the Ohio Canal it has a water communication with New Orleans and 
New York. The falls in the river have made Zanesville the seat of numerous 



OHIO. 



75 



mills and manufacturing establishments, including flour-mills, saw-mills, iron- 
founderies, paper, cotton, and oil-mills, glass-works, &c. Population, in 1840, 
including the village of Putnam, on the opposite side of the river, 7000. Two 
bridges cross the river here, and the town contains 9 churches, an atheneeum, two 
academies, &c. Marietta, at the mouth of the Muskingum, is the oldest town in 
the State; it is pleasantly situated partly on a lower and partly on an upper 
plain, with wide streets, shaded with trees, green squares, and neat buildings. 
There are numerous mounds and embankments in and around the town. SliTp- 
building was formerly carried on here, and many steamboats are still built ; seve- 
ral saw-mills, an iron-foundery, tanneries, &c., also furnish occupation to the 
inhabitants, 1814 in number. Steubenville, on the Ohio, in the midst of a rich 
and populous district, contains a number of woollen and cotton manufactories, 
iron and brass founderies, steam-engine and machine factories, copperas works, 
several tanneries, and saw and flour-mills, cotton and woollen factories, with a 
population of 5203 souls. Cleveland, the most important lake-port of Ohio, 
stands at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river and of the Ohio Canal. Its harbour 
has been secured by artificial piers, and is commodious and easy of access. 
Population, in 1840, 6071. Brooklyn, on the opposite side of the river, contained 
1409 inhabitants. In 1842, at Cleveland, there were 2468 steamboats and other 
arrivals, and 2462 departures. Exports, $5,851,898. In the same year there 
were 80 sail of vessels belonging to this port, of which 5 were steam-boats. 

Huron, a thriving town further west, is the depot of a rich and flourishing 
district ; Norwalk, in its rear, contains some manufacturing establishments, and 
1800 inhabitants. Sandusky city is situated on a fine bay, with a good harbour, 
and is a busy and growing place. Perrysburg, at the head of steamboat naviga- 
tion on the Maumee, is situated upon a high bank below the falls of the river; 
its situation combines great advantages both for navigation and manufactures. 
Population of each, 2000. Toledo, formerly Fort Lawrence, is a flourishing town 
further down the river, with 1222 inhabitants. 

Dayton, on the Miami, at the junction of the Mad river, which furnishes a 
great number of mill-seats, is a rapidly growing town, in a highly productive 
region. It carries on an active trade by the Miami Canal, and it contains numerous 
saw and grist-mills, several woollen and cotton factories, an oil-mill, and other 
manufactories. Population, in 1840, 6067. 



COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, which separates it from 
the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois ; east by Virginia, south by Tennessee, 
and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the State of Missouri ; the 
greatest length is about 400 miles, breadth 170, area 40,500 square miles. 

The principal rivers of Kentucky are the Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, Cum- 
berland, Kentucky, Green, Licking, Big Sandy, Salt, and Rolling. 

The Cumberland Mountains form the south-east boundary of the State. The 
eastern counties, bordering on Virginia, are mountainous and rugged. A tract 
from 5 to 20 miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly and^broken land, 
interspersed with many fertile valleys. Between this strip. Green river, and the 
' eastern counties, lies what has been called the gard-en of the State. This is the 
most populous part, and is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 wide. The 
surface of this district is agreeably undulating, and the soil black and friable, 
producing black walnut, black cherry, honey locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar- 
tree, mulberry, etm, ash, cotton-wood, and white thorn. The whole State, below 
the mountains, rests on an immense bed of limestone, usually about eight feet 
below the surface. There are everywhere apertures in this limestone, through 
which the vv-aters of the rivers sink into {he earth. The large rivers of Ke'n- 
tucky, for this reason, are more diminished during the dry season, than those of 
any other part of the United States, and the small streams entirely disappear. 
The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities ; the rivers havino- aenerally worn 



76 UNITED STATES. 



very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices 
formed hy Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime, presenting per- 
pendicular rocks of 300 feet of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and 
difficult ascent, four times as high. 

The principal productions of Kentucky are corn, hemp, wheat, and tobacco. Salt 
springs are numerous, and supply not only this State, but a great part of Ohio 
and Tennessee, with this mineral. The principal manufactures are cloth, spirits, 
cordage, salt, and maple-sugar. Hemp, tobacco, and wheat, are the principal 
exports. These are carried down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, and 
foreign goods received from the same place in return. Louisville, on the Ohio, 
is the centre of this trade. 

In the south-west part of the State, between the Green and Cumberland rivers, 
are several wonderful caves. The Mammoth Cave, 130 miles from Lexington, 
on the road to Nashville, is one of the most remarkable caves in the world ; it 
has been explored to a great distance, and is with good reason supposed to extend 
for 8 or 10 miles. The earth at the bottom is strongly impregnated with nitre, 
which has been to a considerable extent manufactured from it. 

The population, in 1790 was 73,677 ; in 1800, 220,859; in 1810, 401,511 ; in 
1820, 564,317; in 1830, 688,844; in 1840, 779,828; of whom 128,258 were 
slaves. Of the free population, 305,323 were white males ; 284,930 white fe- 
males ; 3761 were coloured males ; 3556 coloured females. Employed in agricul- 
ture, 197,738; in commerce, 3448 ; in manufactures and trades, 23,217; in navi- 
gating the ocean, 44 ; do. canals, rivers, and lakes, 968 ; in mining, 331 ; in the 
learned professions, 2487. 

There were in the State, in 1840,395,853 horses and mules; 787,098 neat 
cattle; 1,008,240 sheep; 2,310,533 swine; poultry to the value of $536,439. 
There were produced, 4,803,152 bushels of wheat; 17,491 of barley; 39,847,120 
of Indian corn; 1,321,373 of rye; 7,155,974 of oats; 8169 of buckwheat; 
1,055,085 of potatoes; 1,786,847 pounds of wool; 38,445 of wax; 53,436,909 
of tobacco; 16,376 of rice ; 691,456 of cotton ; 1,377,835 of sugar ; 88,306 tons 
of hay ; 9992 of hemp and flax. The products of the dairy amounted to $931,363 ; 
of the orchard, to $434,935 ; of lumber, to $130,329. There were 2209 gallons 
of wine made. 

Among the mineral productions, iron-ore, coal, salt and lime are abundant. 
Salt was produced, in 1840, to the amount of 219,695 bushels. Hpme-made orj 
family manufactures amounted to $2,622,462. The other manufactures, consisting 
chiefly of cotton and woollen goods, iron, tobacco, cordage, spirits, salt, &c., 
amounted to $5,945,689. 

Transylvania University, at Lexington, was founded in 1798, and is a flourish- 
ing institution. Centre College, at Danville, was founded in 1822; St, Joseph's 
College, at Bardstown, was founded in 1819; Augusta College, at Augusta, was 
founded in 1825; Georgetown College, at Georgetown, was founded" in 1829; 
Bacon College, at Harrodsburg, was founded in 1836 ; St. Mary's College, Ma- 
rion county, was founded in 1837. Transylvania University has a floul-ishing 
medical department, and there is a medical institution at Louisville. In the forego"^ 
ing institutions there were, in 1840, 1419 students. There were 116 academies 
and grammar-schools, with 4906 students; 952 common and primary schools, 
with 24,641 scholars. There were in the State 40,010 white persons over 20 years 
of age who could neither read nor write. 

The Baptists, the most numerous religious denomination, had in 1836, 500 
churches, 300 ministers, and 35,000 communicants. The Methodists had 100 
travelling preachers and 31,400 communicants. The Presbyterians had 120 
churches and about 10,000 communicants. The Episcopalians had one bishop 
and 13 ministers. The Roman Catholics had a bishop and 34 ministers. There 
were a considerable number of Cumberland Presbyterians and Reformed Baptists, 
two societies of Shakers, and one of Unitarians. 

The most important work of internal improvement is the Louisville and Port- 
land canal, 2^ miles long, around the rapids in Ohio river. It admits steam- 
boats of the largest class, is 50 feet wide at the surface, is exr^avated 10 feet deep 
in a compact limestone, and has an entire lockao-e of 22 feet. The navio-ation of 



KENTUCKY. 77 



the Kentucky, Green and Licking rivers has been extensively improved by dams 
find locks. A rail-road extends from Lexington to Frankfort. It is designed to 
be continued to Louisville, but is for the present suspended. Several other rail- 
roads have been projected. 

Lexington is the oldest tovi^n in the State, and was for many years the capital ; 
it is situated in the centre of a rich tract of country, about 20 miles east 
of Kentucky river. The streets are spacious and regularly laid cut, and the 
houses and public buildings are neat and elegant. This city is more distin- 
guished for its hospitable and polished society, and as an agreeable place of resi- 
dence, than for bustle of business. The public buildings comprise the Halls of 
Transylvania University, the State Lunatic Asylum, 9 churches, Court-House, 
Jail, 2 banks. Orphan Asylum, Poor-House, City School-House, &c. There are 
a number of bagging and rope-factories, iron-founderies, &c. Population, 7500. 
Frankfort, the capital of the State, stands on the right bank of Kentucky river, 
on an alluvial bottom, above which the river hills rise abruptly to the height cf 
more than 200 feet. Steam-boats go up to Frankfort, 60 miles from the rnouth 
of the river, and keel-boats much higher. The Slate-House is a handsome edi- 
fice, built of white marble, taken from the banks of the river; and there is here 
a penitentiary conducted on the Auburn plan. 

Louisville, the principal city in Kentucky, is situated on the south bank of 
the Ohio river, just above the falls of that river. The Louisville and Port- 
land canal enables large steam-boats to reach Louisville at all stages of the 
water. This city carries on an extensive and valuable trade, many thousand flat- 
boats arriving here yearly from all parts of the upper Ohio, and steamboats arriv- 
ing and departing daily. The population, which in the year 1800 amounted to 
600, was in 1840, 21,210, and in 1843, 28,643. The public buildings are 25 
churches, a City Hall, Court-House, City and County Jail, Marine "Hospital, 
Medical Institute, 5 banks, 4 markets. City Work-House, Hospital, 2 orphan 
asylums, School for the Blind, &c. Some of the hotels are among the finest in 
the Union. The manufactures of Louisville are extensive, and include founde- 
ries, steam-bagging factories, rope-walks, cotton and woollen factories, flouring- 
mills, &c. Portland is a growing village at the lower end of the canal. 

Maysville is the first considerable town of Kentucky which is passed in de- 
scending the river Ohio. It is the depot of the upper part of the State, and its 
trade is pretty extensive. Population in 1840, 2,741. Newport and Covington 
are thriving towns, situated on the opposite banks of the Licking river, and oppo- 
site to Cincinnati; they are the seats of some manufacturing industry, as well 
as of an active trade. The streets of Covington are so laid out that, but for the 
intervention of the Ohio river, they would be a continuation of those of Cincinnati. 
Population, 2026. Among the other towns in Kentucky are Harrodsburg, noted 
for its mineral springs, Danville, the seat of Centre College, Bardstown and 
Georgetown, the seats of Roman Catholic colleges, and Princeton, the seat of 
Cumberland Colleore. 






STATE OF TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee is bounded north by Kentucky ; east by North Carolina ; south by 
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; and west by Arkansas. It is 430 miles 
lonff, and 104 broad, and contains 40,000 square miles. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, 
Duck, Holston, French-Broad, Nolichucky, Hiwassee, Tellico, Reelfoot, Obion. 
Forked Deer, Wolf, and Elk. 

Tennessee is washed by the Mississippi on the west, and the rivers Tennessee 
and Cumberland pass through it in very serpentine courses. West Tennessee, 
lying between the Mississippi and the Tennessee rivers, is a level or slightly un- 
dulating plain : east of this section is Middle Tennessee, of a moderafely hilly 
surface. The eastern part of the State adjoining North Carolina, is known by 
the name of East Tennessee : it abounds in mountains, many of them lofty, and 
presenting scenery peculiarly grand and picturesque. Of these mountains the 



ag^iiyCTittEOtef Cima g j ign 



^78 UNITED STATES. 



Cumberland, or great Laurel Ridge, is the most remarkable. Stone, Iron, Bald, 
Smoky, or Unaka mountains, join each other, and form, in a direction nearly 
north-east and south-west, the eastern boundary of the State. 

The soil in a country so uneven must be very various. The western part of 
the State has a black, rich soil ; in the middle there is much excellent land ; in 
the eastern, part of the mountains are barren, but there are many fertile valleys. 

The climate is generally healthful. In East Tennessee, the heat is so tem- 
pered by the mountain-air on one side, and by refreshing breezes from the Gulf 
of Mexico on the other, that this part of the State has one of the most desirable 
climates in North America. The middle part resembles Kentucky in climate. 

The great business of Tennessee is agriculture. It is the largest corn-growing 
State in the Union; in the year 1840, the crop amounted to almost 45 million 
bushels, or about 53 bushels to every individual in the State. The exports are 
cotton, corn, tobacco, flour, &c. The principal commerce is carried on through the 
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and from them through the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi to New Orleans. This State also supplies Kentucky, Ohio, &c. with cot- 
ton for inland manufactures ; and from East Tennessee considerable numbers of 
cattle are sent to the sea-ports on the Atlantic. 

The most valuable mineral products of Tennessee are iron, gold, coal, and salt. 
Gold is found in the south-eastern section, but it has not been systematically 
worked. Iron occurs throughout the State east of the Tennessee ; there is a num- 
ber of furnaces both in East and Middle Tennessee, which produced, in 1840, 
above 26,000 tons of metal. Coal is found in the Cumberland Mountains of 
excellent quality. Marble, marl, buhr-stone, nitrous earth, and other useful mine- 
rals are met with, and there are some valuable mineral springs. 

The population of Tennessee, in 1790, was 35,691 ; in 1800, 105,602 ; in 1810, 
261,727; in 1820, 422,813; in 1830, 681,904; in 1840, 829,210; of whom 
183,059 were slaves. Of the free population 325,434 were white males ; 315,193 
do. females; 2796 coloured males; 2728 do. females. Employed in agriculture, 
227,739 ; in commerce, 2217 ; in manufactures and trades, 17,815 ; in navigating 
the ocean, 55 ; do. rivers and canals, 302 ; in the learned professions, 2042. 

There were in the State in 1840, 341,409 horses and mules; 822,857 neat 
cattle; 741,593 sheep; 2,926,707 swine. Poultry was valued at $606,969. 
There were produced 4,569,692 bushels of wheat; 304,320 of rye; 44,986,188 
of Indian corn; 17,118 of buckwheat, 7,035,678 of oats; 190,370 of potatoes; 
1,060,332 pounds of wool ; 29,550,432 of tobacco; 7977 of rice; 27,701,277 of 
cotton; 258,073 of sugar; 31,233 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were 
valued at $472,141; of the orchard at $367,105; value of lumber produced 
$217,606 ; 3366 barrels of tar, pitch, &c., were made. 

Home-made or family manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $2,886,661. There 
wer« 26 woollen factories and 4 fulling-mills, producing articles to the amount 
of $14,290; 38 cotton factories produced articles to the amount of $325,719 ; 34 
furnaces produced 16,128 tons of cast-iron ; and 99 forges produced 9673 tons of 
bar-iron ; 21 persons produced 13,942 bushels of bituminous coal; 5 paper-mills 
produced articles to the amount of $46,000, and other manufactories of paper 
produced to the amount of $14,000; the whole employing a capital of $93,000 ; 
117 persons produced hats and caps to the amount of $104,949 ; 454 tanneries 
employed a capital of $404,114 ; 374 other manufactories of leather, as saddle- 
ries, &c., produced articles to the amount of $359,050, with a capital of $154,540 ; 
29 potteries produced to the amount of $51,600; hardware and cutlery was 
produced to the amount of $57,170; machinery to the amount of $257,704; 
1426 distilleries produced 1,109,107 gallons of distilled spirits ; and six breweries 
produced 1835 gallons of beer ; carriages and wagons to the amount of $219,897 ; 
28 rope-walks produced cordage to the amount of $132,630; 255 flouring-mills 
produced 67,881 barrels of flour; and, with other mills, produced articles to the 
amount of $1,020,664, with a capital of $1,310,195. The total amount of capi- 
tal employed in manufactures, in the State, was $3,731,580. 

Greenville College, at Greenville, in East Tennessee, was founded in 1794; 
I Washington College, in Washington county, was founded in 1794 ; the Univer- 



TENNESSEE. 79 



sity of Nashville, the principal institution in the State, was founded under Cum- 
berland College, in 1806 ; the East Tennessee College, at Knoxvilie, was founded 
in 1807; Jaclison College, near Columbia, was founded in 1830; the southwest- 
ern Theological Seminary, at Maysville, was founded in 1821 ; the number of 
students in these institutions, in 1840, was 369. There were in the State 152 
academies, with 5539 students ; and 983 common and primary schools, with 
25,099 scholars. There were in the State 58,531 white persons, over 20 years 
of age, who could neither read nor write. 

In 1836 the Methodists had 127 travelling preachers, and 34,266 communi- 
cants; the Baptists had 413 churches, 219 ministers, and 20,472 communicants; 
the Presbyterians had 120 churches, 90 ministers, and 10,000 communicants; 
the Episcopalians had a bishop and eight ministers. There were besides many 
Cumberland Presbyterians, and some Lutherans, Friends, Christians, and Roman 
Catholics. 

Some works of internal improvement have been commenced, but are at present 
suspended. A rail-road from Memphis, on the Mississippi, 50 miles, to La 
Grange, in Lafayette county, is in progress. Somerville branch will extend from 
the main road, at Moscow, 16 miles, to Somerville. The Hiwassee Rail-road, 
from K.noxville, 98^ miles, to the Georgia line, is intended to unite with the 
Western and Atlantic Rail-road of Georgia. 

Nashville, the capital, and the most considerable city of the State, is situated 
on the south bank of Cumberland river. The site is elevated and uneven; 
the town is well built, containing, beside some elegant dwelling-houses, a Court- 
House, Market-House, Jail, Lunatic Asylum, State Penitentiary, 3 banks, 10 
churches, the Halls of Nashville University, a female academy, and various 
other schools. The city is supplied with water from the Cumberland river, 
which is raised by a steam-engine into a reservoir that is elevated 66 feet above 
low-water mark ; near a million gallons can be raised every 24 hours. Popula- 
tion, in 1840, 6900. 

Clarkesville, below Nashville, is a thriving little town. Franklin, to the south 
of Nashville, is a busy town with 1500 inhabitants, who carry on some branches 
of mechanical and manufacturing industry pretty extensively. 

Knoxvilie, which stands on the right bank of Holston river, was for some time 
the seat of government, and a place of considerable trade ; its commercial im- 
portance, however, has of late diminished. Population 1500. It contains the 
Halls of East Tennessee College, a useful and flourishing institution. The other 
towns of this section, Blountviile, Jonesboro, Rogersville, and Maryville, are 
little villages of 500 or 600 inhabitants each. 

In the southern part of the State, Winchester, Fayetteville, at the head of 
navigation on the Elk river, and Pulaski, are thriving little towns ; the last men- 
tioned has 900 inhabitants, and the two others about 700 each. Columbia on the 
Duck river, is one of the most flourishing towns in the State, and has about 1200 
inhabitants ; it is the seat of Jackson College. Murfreesboro, for some time the 
capital of the State, is pleasantly situated in a very rich and highly cultivated 
district,. and it has a population of 1500. Bolivar, at the head of navigation on 
the Hatchee, is a very growing and busy town ; Randolph, on the second Chicka- 
saw Bluff, below the mouth of the Big Hatchee river, has a good harbour for 
steamboats in all stages of the water, and is conveniently placed for the outlet of 
a productive region. Memphis is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi 
river, on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff", where old Fort Pickering stood. It has 
one of the best sites for a commercial emporium on the Mississippi river. The 
bluff is 30 feet above the highest floods. The trade of this place is already equal 
to that of any town between St. Louis and New Orleans. It contains 4 churches; 
an academy ; 53 stores, and 5000 inhabitants. A United States navy-yard is 
to be located here, and it is already commenced. A rail-road to La Grange is in 
use: it is designed to form a part of the Memphis and Charleston Rail-road. 



19 2C 



r 



80 UNITED STATES. 



STATE OF INDIANA. 

Indiana is bounded on the north by the State of Michigan and Lake Michigan ; 
east by Ohio ; south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucliy, and 
west by Illinois, from which it is separated in part by the Wabash river. The 
mean length is about 260, and mean breadth 140 miles ; area, about 36,000 square 
miles. 

The Ohio river flows for 350 miles along the southern extremity of the State. 
Next to the Ohio is the Wabash, which with its branches, the White, Patoka, 
Tippecanoe, Eel, Salamanic and Mississinewa rivers, water all the central parts 
of the State. In the north-west is the Kankakee river, a tributary of the Illinois ; 
in the north and north-east are the rivers St. Joseph of Michigan, and the St. Jo- 
seph of Maumee ; the former flows into Lake Michigan, and the latter, uniting 
with the St. Mary at Fort Wayne, forms the Maumee river, which flows into Lake 
Erie. In the south-east is the White Water river, a tributary of the Miami. In 
the south are a number of small rivers and creeks which flow into the Ohio, none 
of which are of importance. 

There are no mountains in Indiana ; the country, however, is more hilly than 
Illinois, particularly towards Ohio river. A range of low hills, called the Knobs, 
extends from the falls of the Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, which 
in many places produce a broken and uneven surface. North of these hills lie the 
Flat Woods, 70 miles wide. Bordering on all the principal streams, except the 
Ohio, there are strips of bottom and prairie land ; both together, from three to six 
miles in width. 

For a wide extent on the north front of the State, between W'abash river and 
Lake Michigan, the country is generally an extended plain, alternately jirairie and 
timbered land, with a great proportion of swampy lands, and small lakes and 
ponds. The prairies bordering on Wabash river are particularly rich, having 
ordinarily a vegetable soil from 2 lo-5 feet deep. Perhaps no part of the western 
world can show a greater extent of rich land in one body than that portion of the 
White river country, of which Indianapolis is the centre. The natural growth of 
the soil consists of oak of several kinds, ash, beech, buckeye, walnut, cherry, 
maple, elm, sassafras, linden, honey-locust, cotton-wood, sycamore, and mulberry. 
The principal productions are wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, 
potatoes, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. 

Iron and coal have been found in the State ; and there are some salt-springs, 
and epsom-salts are found in a cave near Corydon ; but the mineral productions 
have no great interest. 

The population, in 1800, was 5G41 ; in 1810,24,520; in 1820, 147,178; in 
1830, 341,582; in 1840, 685,866. Of these there were 352,773 white males; 
325,925 white females ; 3731 coloured males ; 3434 coloured females. Employed 
in agriculture, 148,806 ; in commerce, 3076 ; in manufactures and trades, 20,590 ; 
in mining, 233 ; in navigating the ocean, 89 ; do. canals, lakes, and rivers, 677 ; 
in the learned professions, 2257. 

In 1840 there were in this State 246,036 horses and mules ; 619,980 neat cattle ; 
675,982 sheep ; 1,623,608 swine ; poultry to the value of $357,594. There were 
produced, 4,049,375 bushels of wheat ; 129,621 of rye; 28,155,887 of Indian 
corn; 28,015 of barley ; 5,981,605 of oats; 1,525,794 of potatoes; 1,237,919 
pounds of wool ; 1,820,306 of tobacco ; 3,727,795 of sugar ; 38,591 of hops ; 
30,647 of wax ; 178,647 tons of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at 
$742,269; of the orchard, at $40,055; of lumber, at $420,971; of furs and 
skins, at $220,883. There were made 10,265 gallons of wine. 

In 1840, the amount of capital engaged in foreign trade was $1,207,400; in 
the retail trade, $5,664,687. 

The amount of home-made or family manufactures was $1,289,802 ; 24 fulling- 
mills and 37 woollen manufactories produced articles to the amount of $58,867 ; 
12 cotton factories produced articles to the amount of $135,400; 7 furnaces pro- 
duced 810 tons of cast-iron ; 1 forge produced 20 tons of bar-iron ; 47 persons 
mined 242,040 bushels of bituminous coal; paper was manufactured to the 



INDIANA. 81 



1 



amount of $86,457; tobacco to the amount of $65,659; hats and caps to the 
amount of $122,844; shoes, boots, saddleries, &c., to the ameunt of $730,001 ; 
machinery to the amount of $123,808 ; 323 distilleries produced 1,787,108 gallons 
of distilled spirits; 20 breweries produced 188,392 gallons of beer; carriages 
J. and wagons were manufactured to the amount of $163,135; 204 flouring-mills 
manufactured 224,624 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced articles to 
the amount of $2,329,134 ; vessels were built to the amount of $107,223. The 
total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $4,132,043. 

Indiana College, at Bloomington, was founded in 1827; South Hanover Col- 
lege, at South Hanover, in 1829; Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, in 1833; 
the Indiana Asbury University, in 1839. In these institutions there were, in 
1840, 322 students. There were in the State 54 academies, with 2946 students, 
and 1521 common and primary schools, with 48,189 scholars. In 1840, there 
were 38,100 white persons over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 

In 1836, the Baptists had 334 churches and 218 ministers; the Presbyterians 
had 109 churches and 70 ministers; the Methodists about 70 circuit preachers; 
the Lutherans, in 1830, had 30 congregations and 8 ministers. Besides these 
there are many Friends, some Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and some Presby- 
terians, Methodists and Baptists of different descriptions, not included in the above. 

The principal work of internal improvement undertaken by this State is the 
Wabash and Erie canal, which extends from Lafayette, at the head of steam-boat 
navigation on the Wabash, 187 miles, to the navigable waters of Lake Erie at 
Toledo, on Maumee Bay. The Whitewater Canal extends from Lawreneeville, 
at the mouth of the river, 76 miles, to Cambridge city, on the National Road. 
It is also to be extended by a branch to Cincinnati, which is in progress. The 
Madison and Indianapolis rail-road, from Madison on the Ohio river, 95 miles to 
Indianapolis, is in progress and nearly completed. Other works of internal im- 
provement have been projected and begun, but are at present suspended. 

Indianapolis, the capital of the State, stands on the left bank of the west fork of 
White river ; it is laid out with much regularity, and with wide, spacious streets. 
The public buildings are the State-House, Governor's House, a bank, 11 churches, 
10 schools, 4 libraries, 1 county seminary, with philosophical and chemical ap- 
paratus, 4 printing-offices, 48 stores, 10 mills of various kinds, and various other 
manufacturing establishments. Population, in 1843, about 3500. The national 
road passes through the town. 

New Albany is the largest town in the State; it is on the Ohio river, a few 
miles below the falls. Population, 4226. The principal buildings are a Court- 
House, Jail, 9 churches, bank, insurance office, Lyceum, male and female semi- 
nary, theological college, &c. ; there are also a number of manufactories of va- 
rious kinds. Jeffersonville, which stands opposite to Louisville, is a thrivino- 
town, with 800 inhabitants. It contains the State prison. Madison, on the Ohio 
river, some distance farther up, is a flourishing town with 3798 inhabitants ; it 
has 6 churches, a Court-House, Jail, Bank, Savings Bank, 50 stores, with several 
manufactories, mills, &c. Vevay was founded by a Swiss colony, with 1200 
inhabitants. The grape has been successfully cultivated here, and the town is 
surrounded by vineyards. Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, just below the mouth of 
White Water river, carries on an extensive trade, but its site being low, it is 
sometimes subject to inundation during very high stages of the water. 

New Harmony, on the Wabash river, was founded "by the German sect called 
Harmonites, under the direction of Mr. Rapp. In 1824 it was bought by Mr. 
Owen, of Lanark, who attempted to put in operation here his new Social System : 
the scheme failed, and his followers were dispersed, but the village is now a 
flourishing place in other hands. Vincennes, higher up the river, is the oldest 
town in the State ; it was founded by the French, in 1730. It contains 2000 
inhabitants, about a fifth of whom are French. Terre Haute, Lafayette, and 
Logansport, are small but flourishing towns on the Wabash river. Richmond, 
on the National Road, near the Ohio State line, is also a populous little town. 
The city of Michigan, founded in 1835, at the head of Lake Michigan, is the 
only harbour on the lake in the State. It is well situated for trade, and has 
about 700 inhabitants. 

3fi 



82 UNITED STATES. 



STATE OF ILLINOIS. 

This fertile and improving State is bounded north by Wisconsin Territory, east 
by Indiana, south by Kentucky, and west by the States of Missouri and Iowa. 
Its medium length is about 350 miles, and medium breadth 170; the area being 
59,500 square miles. 

The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash, form about two-thirds of the whole 
boundary of the State. The other most considerable rivers are the Illinois, Kas- 
kaskia. Muddy, Little Wabash, Rock, Sangamon, Embarras, Fox, Des Plaines, &c. 

The southern and middle parts of the State are for the most part level. The 
north-western section is a hilly, broken country, though there are no high hills. 
The climate resembles that of Indiana and Ohio. The soil is generally very 
fertile, and yields abundant harvests. 

Corn is the staple agricultural production of the State. Wheat is also raised 
in large quantities, and yields flour of superior quality ; rye is much used for dis- 
tillation. Hemp, tobacco, and cotton, are cultivated; the latter is mostly con- 
sumed in household manufactures. Large herds of cattle are kept, and great 
numbers are driven out of the State, or sent down the river in flat-boats. Thou- 
sands of hogs are raised, and pork is largely exported. 

Coal, salt, and lime, iron, lead, and copper, are among the mineral productions 
of Illinois. Coal is abundant in many quarters, and is worked to some extent. 
Lead is found in the north-western corner of the State in exhaustless quantities. 
The Indians and French had been long accustomed to procure the ore, but it was 
not until 1822 that the process of separating the metal was begun. Since that 
time the business has been actively pursued, and as much as 6000 t6ns of lead 
have been smelted in one year. Some salt is made near Shawneetown; near 
Danville, on the Little Vermillion; and near Brownville, on Muddy creek. The 
salt springs are owned by the United States, and leased to the manufacturers. 

The population of Illinois has increased with the same amazing rapidity as that 
of the neighbouring States. The constitution provides that neither slavery nor 
involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State, otherwise than 
for the punishment of crimes; and as negroes coming into the State are required 
to give bonds with security, that they will not become chargeable as paupers, 
there are few blacks. 

The population, in 1810, was 12,282; in 1820, 55,211; in 1830, 157,575; in 
1840, 476,183; of whom 255,235 were white males; 217,019 do. females; 1876 
coloured males; 1722 do. females. Employed in agriculture, 105,337; in com- 
merce, 2506; in manufactures and trades, 13,185; in mining, 782 ; in navigating 
the ocean, 63; do. lakes, rivers, and canals, 310; in the learned professions, 
2021. 

There were in the State, in 1840, 199,235 horses and mules; 626,274 neat 
cattle; 395,672 sheep ; 1,495,254 swine. Poultry valued at $309,204. There 
were produced, .3,335,393 bushels of wheat; 82,251 of barley; 4,988,008 of oats ; 
88,197 of rye; 57,884 of buckwheat ; 22,634,211 of Indian corn ; 2,025,520 of 
potatoes; 650,007 pounds of wool ; 17,742 of hops; 200,947 of cotton ; 564,326 
of tobacco; 399,813 of sugar; 1150 of silk cocoons; 1976 tons hemp and flax; 
164 ■Jo2 of hay. The products of the dairy were valued at $428,175; of the 
orchard at $126,756 ; of lumber at $203,666 ; of skins and furs at $39,412. 

Home-made or family manufactures arhounted to $993,567; 4 fulling-mills 
and 16 woollen manufactories produced goods to the amount of $9540 ; 5 fur- 
naces produced 158 tons of cast-iron; 20 smelting-houses produced 8,755,000 
pounds of lead ; 22 persons produced 20,000 bushels of salt ; hats and caps were 
manufactured to the amount of $28,395 ; 155 tanneries employed a capital of 
$155,679; 626 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced arti- 
cles to the amount of $247,217; machinery was produced to the amount of 
$37,720; 150 distilleries produced 1,551,684 gallons of distilled spirits; U 
breweries produced 90,300 gallons of beer; carriages and wagons were produced 
to the amount of $144,362 ; 98 flouring-mills produced 172,657 barrels of flour, 
and, with other mills, manufactured articles to the amount of $2,417,826 ; vessels 



1^ 



ILLINOIS. 



83 



The total amount of capital employed in 



were built to the amount of $39,200< 
manufactures was $3,136,512. 

Illinois College, at Jacksonville, was founded in 1829 



=gc, ai jaujiouuviiic, wao luuiiueu III LOUD ; ShurtlefF College, 
in Upper Alton, in 1835 ; M'Kendree College, in Lebanon, in 1834 ; M'Donough I 
College, at Macomb, in 1837. In these institutions there were, in 1840, 311 j 
students. There were in the State 42 academies, with 1967 students; 1241 
common and primary schools, with 34,876 scholars, and 27,502 white persons, 
over 21 years of age, who could neither read nor write. 

The Methodists are the most numerous denomination ; the Baptists and Pres- 
byterians are the next in point of numbers; the Episcopalians and Roman Ca- 
tholics are less numerous ; and there are some other denominations. 

In 1836 this State adopted an extensive system of internal improvements, con- 
sisting of canals and rail-roads, most of which must be left to another generation 
to complete. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, the most important of them all, 
is in progress, and will probably be completed. It extends from Chicago river, 
about 5 miles from Chicago, to the head of steamboat navigation on the Illinois 
river, at Peru, 106 miles ; it is 60 feet wide at the top, and 6 feet deep. A rail- 
road extends from Springfield, 53 miles, to Merodosia, on Illinois river. Coal 
Mine Bluffs Rail-road extends from Mississippi river, 6 miles, to the coal mine. 
Other rail-roads have been commenced, but they are at present suspended. 

The principal town in Illinois is Chicago, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of 
a small river of the same name. The canal now in progress from this city to the 
Illinois river, when completed, will bring to it a vast increase of trade. It is 
situated on both sides of the river. An artificial harbour has been made 
by the construction of piers, which, extending some distance into the lake, 
prevent the accumulation of sand on the bar. The town has grown up within 
10 or 12 years, and contains 6 churches, a Court-House, Jail, U. S. Land-Office, 
an academy, Fire Insurance Co., with numerous stores and manufactories. The 
city is supplied with water from the lake. Population, in 1840, 4500. 

Vandalia, the late capital of the State, is a small town with 800 inhabitants. 
It is on the route of the National Road, on the west bank of the Kaskaskia river, 
about 80 miles north-east of St. Louis. Alton, situated two miles and a half 
above the mouth of the Missouri, and eighteen below that of the Illinois, on the 
Mississippi river, is the most commercial town in the State. Possessing a com- 
modious harbour, with an excellent landing for steamboats, it has become the 
centre of an active and growing trade. Population, 2340. There are here 6 
churches, a bank, Lyceum, Mechanics' Association, 8 schools, a penitentiary, and 
3 printing-offices; and the picturesque site of the town is well set off by its neat 
houses, surrounded by tasteful piazzas and gay shrubbery. Upper Alton, 3 miles 
in the rear of Alton, is the seat of Shurtleff College, and a theological seminary. 
Edwardsville is a neat and thriving village, to the north ofAlton. 

Cahokia and Kaskaskia are old French villages on the American Bottom, set- 
tled as early as the year 1683, with from 500 to 800 inhabitants each, most of 
whom are French. 

Springfield, the capital of Illinois, is near the centre of the State, on the border 
of a beautiful prairia, and surrounded by one of the most fertile tracts in the 
Union. It contains the State-House, Court-House, market-house, Jail, U. S. 
Land-Office, 3 academies, 6 churches, 34 stores, one iron-foundery, 4 carding 
machines, 3 printing-offices. Population, 2579. ^ 

Jacksonville is one of the largest inland towns in the State ; it is on an ele- 
vated ground, in the midst of a delightful prairie. Population, 2500. Carroll- 
ton, further south, is also a growing village. 

Peoria is situated at the foot of the lake of that name, and on the Illinois river. 
It contains 1467 inhabitants. Ottawa, above the Rapids, and near the western 
termination of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, is also a flourishing village, with 
deep water and a good landing. 

Quincy is on the east bank of the Mississippi, 104 miles west of Springfield ; 
it is a thriving town, and has 1500 inhabitants. Rock Island city is at the 
junction of the Mississippi and Brock rivers ; it is laid out on an extensive scale, 
ajid includes Stephenson village. Population, 700. Galena city, near the north- 

19* ' 



84 



UNITED STATES. 



west corner of the State, is the metropolis of the lead region of Illinois and Wis- 
consin ; it is on Fever river, 6 miles from the Mississippi, and is accessible to 
steamboats at all stages of the water. Large quantities of lead are shipped from 
Galena every season. Population, 1500. 

Nauvoo, the city of the Mormons, is situated on the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi river, 124 miles north-west of Springfield ; it is 4 miles by 3 in extent, and 
contains more than 1000 buildings and 7000 inhabitants. The chief public 
buildings are the Nauvoo-House, a spacious hotel, in part of which Joe Smith, 
the late Mormon prophet, resided ; the Nauvoo Temple, an edifice 130 by 100 
i feet, designed as the grand Cathedral of the Mormon sect ; and a university, with 
a president and several professors. A military body, called the Nauvoo Legion, 
consisting of from 2000 to 3000 men, properly officered, armed and disciplined, 
has been organized here. About 3000 Mormons reside beyond the bounds of the 
city. It is proposed to call this place the City of Joseph, in honour of the de- 
ceased prophet. 



STATE OF MICHIGAN. 

The State of Michigan consists of two distinct peninsulas. The southernmost, 
or Michigan Proper, has its base resting upon the States of Ohio and Indiana, and 
is bounded on the east and northeast by Lake Huron, for a distance of 250 miles ; 
i Lake Michigan is its western boundary for an extent of 260 miles. It is in 
length about 288, and in breadth, at the widest part, 190 miles. Area, 38,000 
square miles. 

The northern peninsula lies north-west of the southern ; it was nominally at- 
tached to Michigan, while under a territorial government, and was added perma- 
nently to her territory when admitted into the Union as a State. It is bounded 
north by Lake Superior ; east by St. Mary's river ; south by Lake Michigan ; 
and south-west by the Mennomonie and Montreal rivers ; length, from east to 
west, about 320 miles; breadth, from 160 to 30 or 40 miles; area, 28,000 square 
miles ; area of the State, 66,000 miles. 

The northern peninsula is yet but imperfectly known; the surface is more irre- 
gular than that of the southern section, and is much less suited for agricultural 
purposes ; but it is nevertheless important on account of the quantities of pine 
timber, and minerals, which abound in various parts; and also from the valuable 
fisheries on the shores of Lake Superior. The shores of the latter are mostly 
low, and but little indented by bays and harbours; and as the prevailing winds 
are from the north-west, and sweep with great fury over the lake, navigation is 
more stormy and dangerous than along the Canada shore. 

The Pictured Rocks are a remarkable natural curiosity, and extend along the 
southern shore of Lake Superior, a distance of 12 miles. They form a perpen- 
dicular wall, 300 feet high, presenting a great variety of romantic projections and 
indentations, having the appearance of landscapes, buildings, and various objects 
delineated by the hand of man; among the features that attract admiration are 
the cascade La Portaille, and the Doric Arch. The cascade consists of a con- 
siderable stream precipitated from the height of about 70 feet, by a single leap, 
into the lake. The Doric Rock, or Arch, has the appearance of a work of art, 
consisting of an isolated mass of sandstone, with 4 pillars, supporting a stratum 
or entablature of stone, covered with soil, and giving support to a handsome 
growth of spruce and pine trees, some of which are 50 or 60 feet hi^h. 

The native inhabitants of this region are some bands of the Chippeways, on 
the shores of Lake Superior, comprising only about 1400 or 1500. 

The southern peninsula is generally a level country, having no elevation that 
can properly be called a hill; its centre is a table-land, elevated 30 or 40 feet 
above the level of the lakes. Along the coast of Lake Huron there are in places 
high bluffs : and along the east shore of Lake Michigan are hills of pure sand, 
of from 50 to several hundred feet in height, which have been blown up by the 
almost constant western winds sweeping over the lake. 



MSCHIGAN. 



The peninsula abounds in rivers : none of them have much extent of course, 
and but few are navigable to any considerable distance inland. Grand river is 
the largest: it empties into Lake Michigan : its whole course is about 150 miles, 
and it is navigable 50 miles from the lake to the rapids for sloops and steam- 
boats, and above that point there is sufficient depth of water for boats 50 miles 
farther. The St. Joseph's river is a considerable stream, and empties into Lake 
Michigan at the south-west angle of the territory. It is, like Grand river, navi- 
gable for large sloops to the rapids, and above them has a still farther extent of 
boat navigation. It flows through a very fertile region, variegated by prairies 
and high forests ; the country on this river is not surpassed, in point of beauty 
and fertility, by any in the Lnion. The other considerable streams which flow 
into Lake Michigan are the Kalamazoo, Grand, Maskegon, Pentwater, Manistic, 
and Aux Betises. Those which flow into Lake Erie are the Raisin and Huron 
rivers. The Clinton is the only considerable river which falls into Lake St. 
Clair. The Belle, and Black, or Dulude, fall into St. Clair river. The Saginaw, 
running northward, falls into Saginaw Bay, of Lake Huron. Many other, but 
smaller streams, fall into the same lake, such as the Thunder Bay, Sandy, Aux 
Carpe and Cheboeigon rivers. 

Wheat, Indian corn, and the other productions of this section of the Union, are 
raised easily, and in abundance. It is a country highly favourable to cultivated 
grasses. No inland country, according to its age, population, and circumstances, 
has a greater trade. A number of steam-boats and lake vessels are constantly 
plying in this trade, which is with Detroit, Chicago, Ohio and New York. 

The climate of this region, in consequence of its being level and peninsular, 
and adjacent to such large bodies of water, is more temperate than could be ex- 
pected from its latitude. The southern counties have mild winters, and the spring 
opens as early as in any part of the United States in the same latitude : the po- 
sition of the northern division subjects it to a Canadian temperature. The winter 
commences early in November, and does not terminate until the end of March. 

The population, in 1810, was 4528 ; in 1820, 9018 ; in 1830, 31,0.39 ; in 1840, 
212,267. Of these 113,395 were white males; 98,165 do. females; 393 co- 
loured males ; 314 do. females. Employed in agriculture, 56,521 ; in commerce, 
728; in manufactures and trades, 6890; in navigating the ocean, 24 ; do. canals, 
lakes, and rivers, 166 ; in mining, 40; in the learned professions, 904. 

There were in 1840, 30,144 horses and mules; 185,190 neat cattle; 99,618 
sheep; 295,890 swine; poultry was produced to the value of $82,730. There 
were produced 2,157,108 bushels of wheat; 127,802 of barley; 2,114,057 of 
oats; 34,236 of rye; 2,227.039 of Indian corn; 113,592 of buckwheat; 2,109,205 
of potatoes; 153,375 pounas of wool ; 1,329,784 of sugar; 130,805 tons of hay ; 
755 of hemp or flax. The products of the dairy were valued at $301,052 ; of the 
orchard at $16,905 ; and of lumber at $392,325. 

The exports of Michigan, in 1840, amounted to $162,229 ; and the imports to 
$138,610. Capital employed in foreign trade $177,500 ; capital employed in the 
retail trade $2,228,988 ; capital employed in the lake fisheries .f 28,640. 

The amount of home-made or family articles was $113,955 ; capital employed 
in manufactures, in 1840, $3,112,240; more than $2,400,000 of which was in- 
vested in flouring, and other mills. 

Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, has departments of literature, science, and 
the arts, and of law and medicine. It has academic branches at Detroit, Ann 
Arbor, Monroe, Kalamazoo, White Pigeon, and Tecumseh. Marshall College, 
at Marshall, and St. Philip's College, near Detroit, are respectable institutions. 
These colleges had, in 1840, 158 students. There' were in the State 12 acade- 
mies, with 485 students ; and 975 common and primary schools, with 29,701 
scholars. There were 2173 white persons, over 20 years of age, that could nei- 
ther read nor write. 

In 1836 the Presbyterians had 42 churches and 19 ministers; the Baptists had 
17 churches and 11 ministers; the Roman Catholics had one bishop and 18 
ministers; the Episcopalians had one bishop and 4 ministers; and the Metho- 
dists were considerably numerous. 

The most important works of internal improvement are the Central Rail-road, 



86 UNITED STATES. 



now completed from Detroit to Jackson, 80 miles; the Southern Railroad is 
completed and in operation from Monroe to Adrian, 36 miles. The Erie and 
Kalamazoo Rail-road is in operation, 30 miles, from Toledo to Adrian. The 
Detroit and Pontiac Rail-road is in operation, 25 miles, from Detroit to Pontiac. 
Other works which have heen projected are, for the present, suspended or aban- 
doned. 

The city of Detroit, the capital of Michigan, stands on the western shore of 
Detroit river, which unites Lakes B^rie and St. Clair. Few places are Ijetter situ- 
ated for a commercial city, and few have a more solid promise of permanent pros- 
perity. It is regularly laid out with the streets crossing each other at right 
angles. The chief public buildings are the State-House, City Hall, 8 churches, 
4 banks, 3 market-houses, a theatre, circus. State Penitentiary, County Jail, Go- 
vernment Magazine, Mechanics' Hall, &c. There are 3 female seminaries, seve- 
ral high schools for boys, and 12 public schools. The Michigan State Library 
contains 2000 volumes. Detroit is finely situated for trade ; the navigation of the 
river and lake are open about 8 months in the year. The arrivals of vessels and 
steam-boats is about 300 annually, and clearances the same. The tonnage of 
the port, in 1840, was 11,432. Population, 9102. 

Monroe, on the river Raisin, 2^ miles from its mouth, is a town of consider- 
able trade. A ship canal, 100 feet wide and 12 deep, connects it with the lakes; 
steam-boats from Buffalo and Detroit stop here. Population, 1703. Adrain, 
higher up on the same river, has 2496 inhabitants. St. Joseph's, at the mouth 
of the St. Joseph's river, is the most important town on the east shore of Lake 
Michigan. Marshall, on the Kalamazoo river, and Pontiac, at the northern termi- 
nation of the Detroit and Pontiac Rail-road, are thriving towns in the interior. 
Mackinaw, on Michillimackinac Island, in the northern part of Lake Huron, was 
long noted for its fur trade. Sault St. Mary (pronounced Soo St. Mary) is on 
the river St. Mary, near to where it flows out of Lake Superior; it is the most 
northern town in the State, and has about 900 inhabitants. Great quantities of 
white fish and lake trout are caught here; they are salted and exported to a con- 
siderable amount. The navigation is closed from the middle of November until 
the 1st of May. In winter the thermometer often sinks to 20° or 30° below zero, 
and the mercury sometimes freezes. 



STATE OF MISSOURI. 



Missouri is bounded north by Iowa ; west by the Western or Indian Territory ; 
east by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Illinois, Kentucky, and 
Tennessee ; and south by the State of Arkansas. Its length is about 280 miles, 
and medium breadth 230, the area being about 65,000 square miles. The Mis- 
sissippi river forms the whole of the eastern, and the Missouri a portion of the 
western boundary of the State. The western line of the State, south of the Mis- 
souri river, is the meridian which passes through the point of junction of the 
Kansas and the Missouri rivers. 

Besides the great rivers Mississippi and Missouri, this State is watered by 
others of smaller magnitude. The largest are the Osage, Grand, Salt, Chariton, 
Gasconade, Merrimac or Maranec, Big Black, and St. Francis. The Osage is a 
large river, navigable for boats 660 miles. Between the Osage and Missouri, and 
north of tlie latter, the country is undulating and agreeably diversified; while in 
the south-east, between the Big Black river and the Mississippi, the whole tract, 
with the exception of a narrow strip on the border of the latter, is a low, inun- 
dated morass, forming a portion of the great swamp of which the principal part 
is in the State of Arkansas. 

The lands bordering on the Missouri are very fertile. They consist of a stra- 
tum of black alluvial soil, of unknown depth. On receding from the banks of 
the rivers, the land rises, passing sometimes gradually, and sometimes abruptly, 
into elevated barrens, flinty ridges, and rocky cliffs. A portion of the State is, 
therefore, unfit for cultivation; but this part of it, howt!ver, is rich in mineral 



MISSOURI. 



87 



treasures. The land is either very fertile or very poor; it is either bottom land 
or cliff, either prairie or barren: there is very little of an intermediate cjiiality. 
The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, and very favourable to health. 

Missouri is admirably adapted for a grazing country, and large herds of cattle, 
horses, and swine are raised. Beef, pork, tallow, hides, and live-stock constitute 
important articles of export. Cotton is produced in the southern part of the 
State, but not in considerable quantities ; tobacco is more extensively grown, and 
hemp, wheat, Indian corn, and the other cereal grains are cultivated with success. 

The lead mines of Missouri are estimated to cover an area of 3000 square 
miles; the centre of the lead district is about 70 miles south-west from St. Louis. 
These mines were wrought by the French 100 years ago. In 1840, there was 
made here about 2400 tons of lead. South of the lead region is the noted iron 
mountain, one of the greatest curiosities of the kind in the world ; it is a mile 
broad at its base, 3 miles long, and from 300 to 450 feet high, filled with mica- 
ceous oxide of iron, which yields 80 per cent, of the pure metal. Not far distant 
is another body of iron ore equally rich, called the Pilot Knob, a mile and a half 
wide at the base, and 300 feet high. In this region are likewise found copper, 
zinc, manganese, antimony, calamine, cobalt, &c. 

Numerous shot-factories are established along the high rocky bluffs of the Mis- 
sissippi, which renders the erection of towers unnecessary. Iron is found in 
inexhaustible quantities, and is pretty extensively wrought. Coal also abounds 
particularly along the Missouri, and aluminous and nitrous earth, marble, salt- 
springs, sulphuretted and thermal waters, &c., occur. 

The population of the State, in 1810, was 19,833; in 1820, 66,586; in 1830, 
140,074; in 1840, 383,702 ; of whom 58,240 were slaves. Of the free popula- 
tion, 173,470 were white males; 150,418 white females; 883 coloured males; 
691 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 92,408 ; in commerce, 2522 ; in 
manufactures and trades, 11,100; in inining, 742; in navigating the ocean, 39; 
do. rivers, lakes and canals, 1885; in the learned professions, 1496. By a cen- 
sus taken by authority of the State in 1844, the population was found to have 
increased to 511,937, of whom 70,300 were slaves. 

There were in 1840, 196,132 horses and mules; 433,875 neat cattle ; 348,018 
sheep; 1,271,161 swine. There were produced, 1,037,386 bushels of wheat; 
68,608 of rye ; 17,332,524 of Indian corn ; 15,318 of buckwheat ; 9801 of barley ; 
2,234,947 of oats; 783,768 of potatoes; 562,265 pounds of wool; 9,067,913 of 
tobacco; 121,121 of cotton ; 274,853 of sugar; 49,083 tons of hay ; 18,010 of 
hemp or flax ; poultry valued at $270,647. The products of the dairy were valued 
at $100,432; of the orchard, at $90,878 ; of lumber, at $70,355. 

Home-made or family manufactures amounted to $1,149,544 ; 9 woollen manu- 
factories produced articles to the amount of $13,750; 2 furnaces produced 180 
tons of cast-iron, and 4 forges produced 118 tons of bar-iron ; 21 smelting-houses 
produced 5,295,455 pounds of lead ; 69 persons produced 249,302 bushels of 
bituminous coal; 36 persons produced 13,150 bushels of salt; machinery was 
produced to the amount of $190,412; 293 distilleries produced 508,368 gallons 
of distilled spirits; 7 breweries produced 374,700 gallons of beer; wagons and 
carriages were produced to the amount of $97,112; 64 flouring-niills produced 
49,363 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, produced articles to the amount of 
$960,058. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $2,704,405. 

The University of St. Louis was founded in 1829; Kemper College, at St. 
Louis, in 1840; St. Mary's College, at the Barrens in St. Genevieve county, in 
.830; Marion College, in Marion county, in 1831 ; St. Charles College, in 1839; 
and Missouri University, at Columbia, in 1840; Fayette College, at Fayette, is 
a new institution. In the colleges founded before 1839, there were, in 1840, 495 
students. There were in the State, 47 academies with 1926 students; and 642 
common and primary schools, with 16,788 scholar.*. There were 19,457 white 
persons over 20 years of age who could neither read nor write. 

In 1836, the Methodists had 51 travelling preachers, and 8692 members; the 
Baptists had 146 churches, 86 ministers, and 4973 communicants; the Presbyte- 
rians had 33 churches and 17 ministers; the Roman Catholics had one bishop 



2D 



88 UNITED STATES. 



and 30 ministers ; the Episcopalians had three ministers. There were besides, a 
number of Cumberland and Associate Reformed Presbyterians. 

St. Louis is the commercial capital of Missouri, and the largest town west of 
the Mississippi. It is built on two banks, the first, not much raised above, the 
level of the river, contains two narrow streets running parallel with its course, 
and the second, or higher bank, which spreads out into a wide plain in the rear, 
comprises the rest of the city. The upper part is well laid out, with spacious and 
wide streets. This city was founded in 1764, but it continued to be an inconsi- 
derable village while the country remained in the hands of the Spaniards and 
French. It is the emporium of the Upper Missouri and Mississippi, and must 
continue to increase in importance as the vast regions to the north and west 
become settled. The lead mines in its vicinity, and the establishments connected 
with the Indian agencies, land-offices, &c., also create a good deal of business. 
The population is now chiefly composed of Americans, besides French, Ger- 
mans, &c. The city contains 21 churches, a Land-Office, Theatre, Bank, 2 In- 
surance Companies, Museum, Masonic Hall, 2 Orphan Asylums, the St. Louis 
University, Western Academy of Natural Sciences, 80 schools, and a United 
States Arsenal. The city is supplied with water raised by steam-power from the 
Mississippi to a reservoir on an elevated ancient mound, whence it is distributed 
over the town in iron pipes. A company is also formed for lighting the streets 
with gas. St. Louis is the principal dep6t of the American Fur Company, who 
have a large establishment here with 1000 men in their employ, who collect and 
dispose of a vast amount of furs. The arrivals of steam-boats at this port have 
amounted to 800 in a year, with a tonnage of 100,000 tons. Population in 1830, 
5852; in 1840, 16,469; in 1844, 34,140. Jeffi^rson United States' barracks are 
on the bank of the Mississippi, 10 miles below the city, and can accommodate 
about 700 men. 

St. Charles, 20 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, and the same distance 
from St. Louis, is a pleasant village, with 1042 inhabitants, of whom many are of 
French descent; it consists of five streets that run parallel with the river, on 
which are some handsome buildings. St. Charles was for a number of years the 
capital of the State. 

Jefferson city, on the south side of the Missouri river, and near the centre of 
the State, is the capital of Missouri ; it contains the State-House, and a Peniten- 
tiar}' ; its site is not a fortunate selection, and it has not in consequence pros- 
pered. Population, 1175. Higher up the stream are the villages of Franklin, 
Booneville, Keytesville, Lexington, and Liberty. 

Independence, a town south of the Missouri river, and near the western boun- 
dary of the State, is the point from whence the traders to Santa Fe and the emi- 
grants to Oregon commence their respective journeys. Such numbers sometimes 
collect on these occasions, that they cannot be accommodated with lodgings in 
the town, but encamp in the fields in the vicinity. Platte city, on Platte river, 
and Weston on the Mississippi, above Fort Leavenworth, are thriving towns. 
Herculaneum, 30 miles below St. Louis, is a small town, which contains nume- 
rous shot-works, and serves as one of the ports of the lead district. Population, 
1607. St. Genevieve is another old French village, built on a high alluvial bank 
which the river is now washing away. Cape Girardeau, situated on a high bluff 
in the midst of a rich district, is the depot of the southern part of the State. Po- 
pulation, 1728. New Madrid is an inconsiderable village, on a high alluvial 
j bank, which, like that of St. Genevieve, has been mostly carried away by the 
river. The village also suffered from the earthquake of 1811. Population, about 
500. 



STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



Arkansas is bounded on the north by Missouri, east by the Mississippi river, 
which separates it from Tennessee and the State of Mississippi, south by Lou- 
isiana, and west by the Western or Indian Territory and the northeiTi part of 
Texas. Its southern line is the 33° of north latitude; the northern 36° 30'. Its 



ARKANSAS, 



89 



length, from north to south, is 245 miles, and mean breadth about 212 ; its area 
is 51,960 square miles. 

The principal river, besides the Mississippi, is the Arkansas. Its course is 
nearly through the centre of the State from west to east ; and it affords at all 
times steam-boat navigation to Little Rock, 300 miles from its mouth, and occa- 
sionally to Fort Gibson, nearly 350 miles farther. The other important streams 
are the Red river, St. Francis, White, and Washita rivers. 

The surface of the country exhibits much variety. In the eastern portion, 
along the Mississippi river, it is level, and often overflown by that noble river. 
In the central part it is undulating and broken, and in the western section it is 
traversed by the Ozark Mountains, which are estimated to attain an altitude of 
about 2000 feet above the ocean. The other considerable elevations are the Black 
Hills, north of the Arkansas, and the Washita Hills, on the head waters of the 
Washita river. The soil is of all qualities, from the most productive to the most 
sterile ; much of it is of the latter description. It has, however, a sufficient 
amount of excellent land to enable it to become a rich and populous State. 

Of the products of Arkansas, cotton is the staple; corn and sweet-potatoes 
thrive well ; wheat, and other small grains, have not been cultivated to a great 
extent; peaches are remarkably fine ; but apples do not succeed so well. The wild 
fruits, grapes, plums, &c., are abundant. Among the curiosities may be men- 
tioned the vast masses of sea-shells that are found in different places: they 
answer a valuable purpose to the inhabitants, who collect and burn them for lime. 

The hot or warm springs, on the head waters of the Washita river, are among 
the most interesting curiosities of the country; they are remarkably limpid and 
pure, and are used by the people who resort there for health, for culinary purposes. 
They have been analyzed, and exhibit no mineral properties beyond common 
spring-water. Their efficacy undoubtedly results from the refreshing mountain 
breezes, the conveniences of warm and tepid bathing, and the novel and romantic 
scenery of the surrounding regions. 

The population of Arkansas in 1830, was 30,388 ; in 1840, 97,574; of which 
19,935 were slaves.- Of the free population, 42,211 were white males; 34,963 
white females ; 248 coloured males ; 217 coloured females. Employed in agri- 
culture, 26,355; in commerce, 215; in manufactures and trades, 1173 ; navigating 
the ocean, 3 ; do. rivers, canals, &c., 39; in the learned professions, 301. 

There were, in 1840, 51,472 horses and mules; 188,786 neat cattle; 42,151 
sheep; 393,058 swine. There were produced, 105,878 bushels of wheat; 
4,846,642 of Indian corn; 189,553 of oats ; 293,608 of potatoes; 6,028,642 
pounds of cotton; 148,439 of tobacco. The capital employed in foreign trade 
amounted to $91,000; capital in the retail trade, $1,578,719. 

The home-made or family articles made in 1840 amounted to $489,750. There 
is but little attention yet bestowed on manufactures ; the capital employed in 
them amounted to $424,467. 

There is no college in this State. There were 8 academies, with 300 students ; 
113 schools, with 2614 scholars. The principal religious denominations are Me- 
thodists and Baptists ; there are also Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Roman 
Catholics. 

Ijittle Rock, the capital of Arkansas, is on the south bank of Arkansas river, 
and at the head of permanent steam-boat navigation on that stream. It is on a 
high bluff, elevated from 150 to 200 feet above the river, and is the first place in 
which rocks occur above its mouth. It is regularly laid out, and contains a State- 
House, Court-House, Jail, 5 churches, 2 banks, a theatre, an academy, a United 
States Arsenal, United States Land Office, Penitentiary, 21 stores, 2 steam saw- 
mills, 500 dwellings, and about 3000 inhabitants. 

Helena, on the west bank of Mississippi river, contains a Court-House, Jail, 
U. S. Land Office, 10 stores, and 500 inhabitants. Fayetteville contains a Court- 
House, Jail, a U. S. Land Office, and about 450 inhabitants. Columbia, on the 
Mississippi river, has a Court-House, Jail, 75 dwellings, and 500 inliabitants. 
Arkansas, on the north bank of Arkansas river, on a high bluff with flats in the 
vicinity, which are inundated at times by the White river, contains a Court- 



37 



90 



UNITED STATES. 



House, Jail, about 50 dwellings, and 300 inhabitants. These are the most im- 
portant towns. Since the opening of the Great Raft, and the improvement of the 
navigation of Red river, this section of the State has been improving. 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 

This State comprises about a fourth part of the late Territory of Iowa, it lies 
immediately east of the Mississippi river and north of the State of Missouri. It 
has an area of 45,000 square miles. The south-eastern section of the territory is 
the only part yet settled, and is a beautiful, fertile, healthful region, interspersed 
with timber land and prairie, and abounding in springs and mill-streams. 

The principal rivers of Iowa, besides the Mississippi, which forms its eastern 
boundary, are the Blue-Earth, Upper Iowa, Turkey, Maquekota, Wapsipimecon, 
Red-Cedar, Iowa, Chicagua or Skunk, and Des Moines. 

The products of the soil are the same as those of the neighbouring States : 
wheat, corn, rye, oats, and potatoes, all grow with great luxuriance, and are of 
excellent quality. The mineral region of Iowa appears to be connected with that 
of Wisconsin, and is equally rich in metal. The limits of the country containing 
the lead ore are unknown, but it probably extends hundreds of miles towards, and 
into the State of Missouri : besides lead ; copper, iron and coal are known to 
abound. 

Few portions of the United States have excited so much attention as Iowa ; it 
is settling more rapidly than any other portion of the western country with enter- 
prising and industrious inhabitants. A number of towns have been laid out; of 
which some that are situated on the Mississippi, are increasing very fast. 

Iowa was erected into a separate territorial government June 1838, and an act 
was passed by Congress and approved March 3, 1845, admitting it into the Union 
as a State, subject to the condition of being approved of or rejected by the people 
at the next ensuing election. The population, in 1840, was 43,111. Of these 
there were employed in agriculture 10,469 ; in commerce 355 ; in manufactures 
and trades 1629 ; in mining '217 ; in navigating the ocean, rivers, and canals 91 ; 
in the learned professions 365. 

There were in Iowa, in 1840, 10,794 horses and mules; 38,049 neat cattle; 
15,354 sheep ; 104,899 swine ; poultry was valued at $16,529. There were pro- 
duced 154,693 bushels of wheat; 3792 of rye; 1,406,241 of Indian corn; 6212 
of buckwheat ; 216,385 of oats ; 728 pf barley ; 234,063 of potatoes ; 23,039 
pounds of wool; 8706 of tobacco ; 41,450 of sugar ; 17,953 tons of hay ; 313 of 
hemp or flax. The products of the dairy were valued at $23,609 ; of lumber at 
$50,280 ; of skins and furs at $33,594. 

Home-made or family manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $25,966. The 
total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $199,645. 

The University of Iowa, at Mount Pleasant, has been chartered by the territo- 
rial legislature, under the direction of 21 trustees ; 7 academies have been incor- 
porated. In 1840 there was in operation one academy with 25 students. There 
were 63 common and primary schools, with 1500 scholars. 

Iowa City, the capital of the territory, is at the head of navigation on Iowa 
river, and 70 miles from the Mississippi: population 800: houses 150. The 
capitol is a handsome edifice built in the Doric style of architecture, 120 feet by 
60. Burlington, the first capital of Iowa, is on the west bank of the Mississippi 
river, 250 miles above St. Louis. The town is regularly laid out, and contains 
several public buildings ; the stores are numerous, and the business is very con- 
siderable. Population, 1400. Dubuque is also on the west bank of the Missis- 
sippi, and about 180 miles higher up that stream than Burlington; it is the com- 
mercial capital of the mining district of Iowa, and some of the finest lead mines 
in the United States are in its vicinity. Among its churches is a Roman Catho- 
lic cathedral of stone : there are various public buildings, and a number of stores : 
the trade of the town is important and valuable. Population, 1300. Peru, Da- 
venport, Bloomington, Fort Madison, Montrose, and Mount Pleasant, are the 
other principal towns. 



WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 



91 



WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 

This territory was erected into a separate government in 1836, and for two 
years afterwards included Iowa witiiin its limits. It stretches from the Missis- 
sippi river on the west to Lalie Michigan on the east, and from the northern boun- 
dary of the Union to the State of Illinois on the south. It is in length near 600 
miles, and from 100 to 200 miles in breadth ; containing probably an area of 
100,000 square miles. A considerable portion of this territory is still inhabited 
by Indians. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi and its tributaries, the St. Croix Chip- 
peway, Wisconsin, Rock river, &c. ; the St. Louis, Montreal, and other streams, 
flowing into Lake Superior ; the Mennomonie and Fox rivers of Green Bay, and 
others. In some parts of the territory the soil is very fertile, and produces laro-e 
crops of the various grains common to this section of the Union. In the vicinity 
of Lake Micliigan the water-courses, ponds, and marshes, are covered with wild 
rice, which constitutes a considerable part of the food of the Indians. 

Wisconsin is rich in minerals: lead is found in great abundance, and also 
copper and iron. The J ead region comprises a portion of the richest lead deposits 
in the world : it extends on the east side of the Mississippi from the Wisconsin 
to the Rock river, and on the west it connects with the lead region of Iowa 
Lead mining is carried on extensively, as well as that of. copper: about 6400 
tons of lead were made here in 1840. 

.Zil population, in 1840, was 30,945; of these 18,768 were white males: 
11,992 do. females; 101 were coloured males; 84 do. females; employed in 
agriculture, 7047; in commerce, 479; in manufactures and trades, 1814; in 
mining, 479; in navigating lakes, rivers, canals, &c., 223 ; in the learned pro- 
fessions, 259. ^ 

There^were in the territory, in 1840, 5735 horses and mules; 30,269 neat 
cattle; 3462 sheep; 51,383 swine; poultry was raised to the value of $16,167 
There were produced 212,216 bushels of wheat; 1365 of rye; 379,359 of Indian 
corn; 10,654 of buckwheat; 11,062 of barley ; 406,514 of oats; 419,608 of 
potatoes; 6777 pounds of wool ; 135,288 of sugar. The products of the dairy 
were valued at $35,677 ; the amount of lumber produced was $202,293 ; of skins 
and furs $124,776. 

Home-made articles amounted to $12,567; and the capital employed in manu- 
factures to $635,926 ; 40 smelting-houses produced 15,129,350 pounds of lead. 

No college has been established in Wisconsin; but 23,040 acres of land have 
been granted for a university. The land has been advantageously located. There 
were, in 1840, two academies, with 65 students; and 77 common and primary 
schools, with 1937 scholars. •' 

Fort ^yinnebago, a United States' garrison, stands at the portage between the 
Wisconsin and Fox rivers ; the waters of the two streams here approach so close 
to each other, and are so nearly on a level, that boats, in wet seasons, have been 
floated Irom one to the other. A canal is in progress of construction for the pur- 
pose ot connecting these rivers. In the vicinity of Green Bay are the thrivin<r 
villages of Green Bay, Navarino, and Depere. The former has a line harbour"; 
and IS a place of considerable business. 

The principal settlements on the Mississippi, are Prairie du Chien, Cassville, 
&c.; the former is about five miles above the mouth of the Wisconsin river- it 
IS situated on a beautiful prairie, and has been long inhabited, mostly by French 
traders and their descendants, half-breeds, fee. Cassville is some distance south 
ot the Wisconsin river; Belmont, Mineral Point, and Dodgeville are at various 
distances east of the Mississippi, and between it and Lake Michigan : thev are 
situated in a rich mining district. 

Madison, the capital of Wisconsin, is situated between the 3d and 4th lakes 
ot the chain called the Four Lakes, and on a branch of the Rock river. It was 
laid out in 1837, and contained, in 1840, about 70 houses and 376 inhabitants. 
Ihe most important public building is the capital, a fine stone edifice built at the 
expense of the General Government: it may be seen from a distance of 10 miles 



92 



UNITED STATES, 



in every direction. Milwaukie, on the west side of Lake Michigan, is the most 
important town in the territory ; it is a place of considerable trade, and has the 
best harbour on the west side of the lake between Chicago and Green Bay. 
Population, in 1842, 2800. 

The aborigines in Wisconsin are the Chippeways, Mennomonies, and Stock- 
bridge Indians : the latter, from New York, are settled in the vicinity of Green 
Bay? Among these tribes, the American Board of Foreign Missions has a num- 
ber of missionaries in different parts of the territory. 



WESTERN OR INDIAN TERRITORY. 

The Western or Indian Territory is the country assigned by the government 
of the United States for the future residence of the Indians who have emigrated 
from the eastern part of the Union. It is about 600 miles in extent from north to 
south in the eastern, and in the western part about 300 ; and from east to west, 
immediately beyond Arkansas, it is about 320; but, westward of the central and 
northern parts of Missouri, it is full 600 miles in breadth. It contains an area of 
about 240,000 square miles. 

A belt of about 200 miles of this region, adjoining Arkansas and Missouri, is 
favourable for settlement : the soil is generally fertile, and it is watered by nu- 
merous rivers, none of which, however, are suitable for navigation. The chief 
streams are the Red, Arkansas, Kansas, Platte, and Mississippi rivers. The 
country, in its general character, is high and undulating, rather level than hilly. 

The atmosphere is salubrious, and the climate precisely such as is desired; 
being about the same as that inhabited by the Indians to the east of the Missis- 
sippi. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore, and many saline springs, suitable 
for manufacturing salt. The most serious defect is a want of timber; but it is 
one which time will remedy, as has been demonstrated by the rapid growth of 
timber in prairie countries which have been settled ; where the grazing of stock, 
by diminishing the quantity of grass, renders the annual fires less destructive to 
the growth of wood: the prairies are covered with grass, much of which is of 
suitable length for the scythe. This country will produce, it is believed, all the 
varieties of grain, vegetables, and agricultural products, which are raised in the 
States of tlie same latitude east of the Mississippi. It is also admirably adapted 
for the raising of domestic animals of every description. 

At the close of the year 1844, the population of the "Western Territory amounted 
to 94,527 Indians, three-fourths of whom have emigrated from the States east of 
the Mississippi river. The remainder appertain to tribes long resident in this 
region. The numbers belonging to each class and tribe respectively are as follows : 



INDIGENOUS TRIBES. 

Pawnees 12,500 

Osases 4,112 

Kansas 1,7(M) 

Omalias 1,400 

Otoes and Missouries 950 

Puncahs 800 

Q,iiapa\vs . . 400 



EMIGRANT TRIBES. 



iTotal 21,862 



Cherokees 25 911 

Creeks 24 594 

Choctaws 12,410 

Florida or Seminole Ind. 4,111 
Chii)|iewap,Otta\vas, and 

Poltawatomies 2,098 

Delawares 1,059 

Shawanees 887 

Kickapoos 505 



Senecas and Shawa- 
nees 

Weas 

Peorias aud Kaskas- 
kias 

Senecas 

Piankeshaws 



211 
170 

150 
125 

98 



Total 72,265 



In addition to the above, there are 21,587 Indians, of various tribes, now east 
of the Mississippi, under treaty stipulations to remove west of that stream: many 
of them are making preparations for that purpose ; and the whole, no doubt, will 
in a few years, be permanently settled in the territory assigned them. 

The Choctaws, Creeks, and Cherokees, are the most advanced towards 
civilization of any of the foregoing tribes. They have generally good houses, 
well-fenced and well-tilled fields, and own horses and cattle to a considerable 
extent • they have also native mechanics and merchants. They carry on 
spinning and weaving, and have some saw and grist-mills and cotton-gins. They 
have adopted an improved system of government : the Choctaws and Creeks 
have a written constitution; and the former have introduced trial by jury. 



mmttm 






MISSOURI TERRITORY. 93 



The country of th« Choctaws, or Choctawland, the most southern in this Terri- 
tory, is situated between the Red river on the south, and the Canadian river and 
the Arkansas north : it is 320 miles in length, and from 65 to 110 in breadth. It 
is divided into three districts, each of which has its chief. 

The Creek country is north of Choctawland, and west of the Neosho, a branch 
of the Arkansas : it is about two-thirds the area of Choctawland, and extends to 
the western boundary of the Territory. The government is administered by a 
general council of the nation, in accordance with the provisions of a vs^ritten con- 
stitution. The Cherokee country is north and east of the Creek ; the eastern 
part extends to the river Arkansas, and also to the west boundary of the State of 
Arkansas ; this tract is about the same in area as the Creek country. The 
Cherokees manufacture salt from the springs on the Illinois and other streams, 
and own a large number of horses and cattle. 

The Osages are indigenous natives, and a portion of them have as yet made 
but little improvement in the arts of civilization : some of them, however, parti- 
cularly a band on the Neosho, have tolerable houses, own some cattle, and have 
begun to use the plough. 

Adjoining the south-west corner of Missouri, and extending to the Neosho, are 
the Quapaws, the united band of Senecas and Shawanees, and the band of 
Senecas and Mohawks. Farther north, on the head-waters of the Osage river, 
are the small bands of Piankeshaws, Weas, Kaskias, and Ottawas ; all of these 
have made some progress towards civilization. 

On the south bank of the Kansas river, and adjoining the State of Missouri, 
are the Shawanees ; they are among the most improved of the Indian tribes. On 
the opposite side of the river are the Delawares, whose condition is similar to 
that of the Shawanees. The Kansas, an indigenous tribe, inhabit both sides of 
the Kansas river : they live principally by the chase. The Kickapoos reside on 
the Missouri, north of the Delaware country. 

The Otoes, between the Platte and the Little Nemahaw ; the Omahas, between 
the Platte and the Missouri, the Puncahs, further north-west, and the Pawnees, 
on the northern side of the Platte, further west, are indigenous tribes, who retain 
their original barbarous liabits of life, with little or no change. 



MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

Missouri Territory extends from north to south about 520, and from east to west 
600 miles, and contains an area of probably 300,000 square miles ; it is bounded 
on the north by the British possessions, south by the Western or Indian Territory, 
east by Iowa, and west by Oregon. 

It is a vast wilderness, thinly inhabited only by different tribes of Indians, 
many of whom appear to have no fixed residence, but follow the migrations of 
the game from place to place. 

The greater part of this region has been but partially explored. It consists of 
vast prairies, fiinged along the lower courses of the rivers with patches of wood 
land. A large portion of it may be likened to the great steppes of Central Asia. 
There is, however, in the most sterile parts a thin sward of grass and herbage : 
droves of buffalo, elk, and deer, range upon these vast prairies. They will, per- 
haps, at some future period, be replaced by herds of domestic cattle, and flocks 
of sheep, followed by moving bands of shepherds. 

West of these plains, the Rocky Mountains rise up abruptly, presenting a steep 
front with frowsing rocky precipices, and having their summits covered with 
perpetual snow. The only elevation in the great plain, which stretches from 
the Missouri river to the Rocky Mountains, is the Black Hills, a spur of the 
former range, extending to the north-east about 400 miles, and separating the east- 
ern tributaries of the Yellow-Stone from those that run westward into the Missouri. 

The Missouri is the principal stream, which, with its tributaries, drains the 
whole of this region. The Yellow-Stone is the largest of its upper tributaries; 
it rises near the South Pass, and flowing generally a north-east course enters the 
Missouri, upwards of 3000 miles froin tfie ocean. Those tributaries entering on 



94 UNITED STATES. 



the west side of the Missouri, are the Cannonball, Weterhoo, Shienne, Running 
Water river, and others. 

Our knowledge of this country is mostly derived from the accounts of Messrs. 
Lewis and Clark; in their journey to the Pacific Ocean, these enterprising tra- 
vellers passed their first winter at the Mandan towns, 1600 miles above St. Louis, 
from November, 1804, until the following April. 

The Great Falls of the Missouri consist of a succession of cataracts, the whole 
descent of which is 350 feet. In one instance the entire body of the river falls 
in a perpendicular sheet to the depth of 87 feet. The place where the Missouri 
passes from the mountains, called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains, displays a 
stupendous work of nature. The river is compressed to the width of 450 feet, 
between perpendicular rocks 1200 feet in height; for three miles there is but one 
spot where a man can find footing between the water and the mountainous preci- 
pices. About 100 miles below the great falls in the Missouri there are immense 
piles of rock, 300 feet in height, presenting the appearance of an artificial wall ; 
they are nearly perpendicular, and the beholder can discern amid the various 
forms which they exhibit, the shapes of ruined castles and other edifices. 

The principal tribes are the Pawnees and Ricarees, Black Feet, &c. ; most of 
whom are nomadic in their habits, and roam from place to place in quest of buffalo 
and other game. 



OREGON TERRITORY. 

This territory extends westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific 
Ocean, and from 42° to 54° 40' N. latitude. On the north and on the east, as far 
south as the 49°, it is bounded by British America, and southward of the 49° on 
the east by Missouri Territory; south by Mexico, and west by the Pacific Ocean : 
it is in length about 880 miles, with an average breadth of 550 ; area about 450,000 
square miles. 

Much of the surface of the country is broken and mountainous ; on its eastern 
boundary it is traversed by the Rocky Mountains, many of the peaks of which 
are estimated at from 12,000 to 18,000 feet in height. Westward of these moun- 
tains the country is divided into three belts or sections, separated from each 
other by ranges of mountains running very nearly parallel with the shores of the 
Pacific Ocean. The first range, which is about 250 miles westward of the Rocky 
Mountains, is the Blue Mountain range. The second, which is 200 miles farther 
west, and from 80 to 1 10 miles from the coast, is the Cascade or President Range ; 
its highest peaks are Mount Jefferson, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helen's, Mount 
Rainier, and Mount Baker ; some of these are from 12,000 to 14,000 feet in height 
above the sea. 

The region lying between the Rocky and the Blue mountains is rocky, broken 
and barren ; stupendous mountainous spurs traverse it in all difections, affording 
but little level ground, and in its most elevated parts snow lies nearly all the 
year. It rarely rains here, and no dew falls. The second or middle section con- 
sists, for the most part, of a light sandy soil, in the valleys a rich alluvion, and 
barren on the hills. The third section, which lies along the coast, is well adapted 
for agriculture ; most parts of it are well timbered with fir, pine, spruce, oak, 
poplar, maple, &c. Near the coast the firs grow to an amazing size, trees from 
200 to 280 feet in height, and from 20 to 40 feet in circumference, are not uncom- 
mon; and a tree 300 feet high, 216 feet from the ground to its lowest limbs, and 
57 feet in circumference, grew some years since near Astoria. This section of the 
territory is also well adapted for the raising of cattle; they subsist in good condi- 
tion on the green and dried grass, which is abundant throughout the year. 

The climate on the coast of the Pacific is believed to be milder than on the 
same parallels of latitude on the Atlantic. When Lewis and Clark left this 
country in March, the prairies were in blossom, and the forwardness of the sea- 
son seems to have corresponded with that of North Carolina at the same period. 

The chief rivers of Oregon are the Columbia and its branches. This noble 



L 



OREGON TERRITORY. 95 



stream has its head waters near those of the Missouri, and collects its tribute for 
a wide extent along the western dividing ridges of the Rocky Mountains ; its 
principal tributaries are Lewis' or Saptin, Clark's or Flathead, Kootanie or Flat- 
bow, Okonagan, John Day's, Chutes or Falls, and Willamette rivers ; the valley 
of the last contains perhaps the best land in Oregon, and produces wheat of the 
first quality ; it has, for some time past, attracted the notice of emigrants. The 
Columbia is navigable from the falls where it breaks through the Cascade range 
of mountains to the ocean, for vessels drawing 12 feet water, at its lowest stage, 
though it is obstructed by numerous sand-bars. The river increases in width, 
in the last twenty miles of its course, and, where it enters the ocean, is seven miles. 
A sand-bar extends from Point Adams to Cape Disappointment, which renders 
its entrance often dangerous. In the year 1841, the U. S. sloop of war Pea- 
cock, belonging to the exploring expedition, was wrecked here. The salmon of 
the Columbia and its tributaries, of which there are several varieties, are very 
fine ; they constitute a large portion of the food of the natives. 

The only other river of any note is Frazer's, or Tacoutchee Tesse, which flows 
from the Rocky Mountains into the Gulf of Georgia. It has a course of about 
700 miles. Its chief tributaries are Thompson's and Stuart's rivers ; on these 
streams the Hudson's Bay Company has several trading-houses or forts. South 
of the Columbia are the Umpqua and Klamet rivers, which flow into the Pacific 
Ocean ; the latter has a course of about 300 miles. 

Of the lakes in Oregon, those connected with the Columbia river, and its 
branches, are the Flathead, KuUuspelm, Flatbow, and Okonagan. The prin- 
cipal of those which unite with Frazer's river are Stuart's, Quaw, St. Francois, 
Quesnell's, Kamloops, and Soushwap. 

The principal islands are Vancouver's, and Washington, or Queen Charlotte's. 
The former is a large island, being near 300 miles in length, and from 40 to 75 
miles wide; it is separated, on the south, by the Strait of Juan de Fuca; and, on 
the west, by the Gulf of Georgia. From the straits before-mentioned to the 
northern extremity of the territory, the coast is indented with innumerable bays 
and inlets, which form a multitude of small islands. 

Many parts of Oregon are well adapted for agricultural purposes. At some 
of the trading establishments of the Hudson's Bay Company, extensive farms 
are in successful operation. At Forts Vancouver, Colville, and Nisqually, wheat, 
barley, and potatoes of excellent quality are raised in abundance. The farm at 
Vancouver is 9 miles square : there are here 3000 head of cattle, 2500 sheep, and 
300 brood mares; 100 cows are milked daily. 

The coasts of Oregon Territory were first explored by the Spaniards, who, 
however, did not penetrate into the interior. In 1792, Captain Gray, of the ship 
Columbia, at Boston, entered the great river of this region; and, from him, it 
received the name of his ship. The celebrated navigator. Captain Vancouver, 
was then at Nootka Sound, and the discovery being very frankly and fortunately 
communicated to him, he sent one of his principal officers to examine the channel, 
and, in his narrative, admits the fact ; thus placing the right of prior discovery in 
the United States, beyond dispute, on British evidence. In 1805 Messrs, Lewis 
and Clark were sent out by the United States government, for the express pur- 
pose of exploring this country. They navigated the Missouri to its source, and 
crossing the Rocky Mountains, descended the Columbia river to the Pacific, 
and spent the winter on its shores ; they returned by the same river to the moun- 
tains, and most of the exact information that we have of the country is from them. 

To this region, therefore, the United States have acquired an undoubted title 
by the discovery of the principal river, and by an interior exploration, as well as 
by the Louisiana treaty. It is, however, contested by Great Britain, who claims, 
not that the title is in her, but that the region is unappropriated, and open to the 
first comer. By a convention concluded in 1818, to last 12 years, it was agreed 
between the United States and Great Britain, that neither government should 
take possession of it, or occupy it, to the exclusion of the other, during the pe- 
riod of the convention, which either party might renounce upon giving twelve 
months' notice. In 1827 this convention was renewed indefinitely, or to cease at 
the option of the contracting parties. 



20* 2E 



96 UNITED STATES. 



Several attempts were made, by different individuals from the United States, 
to settle in this territory. In 1808 the Missouri Fur Company established a 
trading-house on Lewis's river, the first ever formed on any of the waters of the 
Colunibia. In 1810 the Pacific Fur Company, under John J. Astor, of New York, 
was formed; and in 1811 Astoria was established at the mouth of Columbia 
river. In consequence of the exposure of this post, by the last war with Great 
Britain, it was sold to the Hudson Bay Company; but was restored to its origi- 
nal proprietors, by order of the British government, at the close of the war, agree- 
ably to the first articles of the treaty of Ghent. "Within the last few years, many 
emigrants from the United States have taken up their residence in this region. 

Oregon city, a town of 200 or 300 inhabitants, chiefly Americans, is laid out 
at the Falls of Willamette; it contains already several stores and mills, and it 
is proposed to construct a canal around the Falls. A government and legislature 
have been organized by the settlers in the vicinity, and suitable measures adopted 
for a permanent settlement. 

The question of settling Oregon Territory, and organizing a government for 
the security of the inhabitants, has been more than once debated in congress. 
Were such settlement authorized, and rendered secure by the requisite military 
establishments, there can be no doubt that it would immediately receive large 
accessions of settlers; and in the Sessions of 1844, '45, a bill passed the House 
of Representatives for that purpose ; but further action in the matter was deferred, 
until the twelve months' notice of an intention to take possession of the territory 
is given to Great Britain, according to the terms of the treaty. 

On the coast of this territory, north of Columbia river, are the countries, denomi- 
nated by British navigators, New Georgia and New Hanover ; and immediately 
north of the northern head-waters of the Columbia, and west of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, is New Caledonia; the climate of which is severe in winter, and hot in 
summer. The soil is poor, but the fur-bearing animals are numerous; 

On Frazer's river are the Takali or Carriers, and the Atnahs or Soushwaps 
On the Columbia, and its tributaries, are the Kootanies, Flatheads, Wallawallas, 
Nezperces, Shoshones or Snakes, and Boonacks. Along the coast, and in its 
li vicinity, are the Clalams, Chickelees, Nisquallis, Cowlitz, Chinnook, Calla- 
puya, Umpqua, Klamet, and Shaste Indians. The rest of the population con- 
sists of American emigrants, perhaps 2500 or 3000 in number ; Canadian and 
half-breeds 800 or 1000, besides the officers and servants of the Hudson's Bay 
Company. The Indians in the territory are estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000, 
in number. 

On Frazer's river, and its tributaries, are Forts Langley, Thompson, Alexan- 
dria, and George; and there are others in different parts of the country. At Fort 
Vancouver, on the Columbia, there is a village of 300 or 400 inhabitants; these 
comprise the labourers and servants attached to the fort, with their Indian wives 
and slaves. From this place a direct trade is carried on with the Sandwich 
Islands and Great Britain, which employs several vessels. A small steam-boat 
plies on the river and along the coast, between the different trading posts. 

The first emigration from the Atlantic States, for the purpose of occupying any 
part of Oregon Territory, was made in 1832 ; since that period, the number of 
annual emigrants has considerably increased. The exploration of the South Pass, 
by Lieutenant Fremont, of the U. S. army, has rendered the business of crossing 
the mountains comparatively safe and easy. This pass is in 40° 30' north lati- 
tude, at the head of the Sweet Water branch of Platte river; it is of smooth and 
easy ascent and descent, and can be travelled in wagons without any difficulty. 
Emigrants from the United States generally unite for the sake of mutual safety 
against the Indians, in considerable parties, with horses and light wagons; they 
proceed from Independence, or some other town in western Missouri, in a north- 
western direction, to the Platte or Nebraska river, ascending that stream by its 
north branch and the Sweet Water river. They cross the mountains by the South 
Pass, to Lewis's river; thence they proceed to Fort Wallawalla; then down the 
banks of the Columbia to Willamette. The distance from Independence is be- 
tween 1700 and 1800 miles, and may be accomplished, by moderate travelling, 
in about 18 or 20 weeks. 






TEXAS. 97 



STATE OF TEXAS. 

The late Republic of Texas formed, from the year 1836 until 1845, an inde- 
pendent State ; but it is now annexed to the United States. Previous to the first 
mentioned period, it comprised an integral portion of Mexico, and formed in con- 
junction with Cohahuila, one of the States of that confederacy. 

It extends north and south from the Arkansas and Red rivers to the Gulf of 
Mexico ; and east and west from the Sabine to the Rio del Norte ; area of Texas 
as defined by an act of her Congress, 324,018 square miles, or about seven times 
the surface of Pennsylvania. 

Texas possesses a soil of great fertility, and a geographical position highly 
favourable to commercial intercourse with the United States, as well as with other 
parts of the world. The sea-coast is 400 miles in length, and affords by means 
of its numerous rivers, communication at a number of points with the Gulf of 
Mexico. The face of the country is generally level, and a great portion of it 
consists of immense- prairies, the soil of which is a deep black mould mixed with 
sand ; the bottom lands on many of the rivers are of a rich red texture of great 
depth, and well timbered with cotton-wood, walnut, cedar, &c. 

The country along the coast is low, but free from swamps and composed of 
good arable prairie, interspersed with well-wooded river bottoms, and fine pasture 
lands. Until the late emigrations from the United States, this section was filled 
with immense droves of mustangs, or wild horses and wild cattle ; but their 
numbers are now considerably lessened. In the south-west the country is elevated, 
being traversed by a range of mountains extending northward from the head waters 
of the Nueces, and westward of the sources of the Brazos, Colorado, &,c. To 
the west and north are vast prairies, in which immense herds of buffalo supply 
the mounted Comanches with abundance of game. In the north-east, the country 
is more undulating and better wooded. 

The climate of Texas is mild and agreeable ; and, as the country is free from 
swamps, and as the wooded tracts are quite open and destitute of underwood, is 
more healthful than the corresponding sections of the United States. The seasons 
are two; the dry, from April to September; and the wet, which prevails during 
the rest of the year : the cold is pretty severe for a short time in December and 
January. 

The rivers are numerous, but none are of much importance for navigation, being 
in the dry season extremely low, and during the floods a good deal impeded with 
floating timber. The Rio del Norte, which forms the western boundary of Texas, 
is the largest river; it has a course of from 1500 to 1800 miles; it is much im- 
peded by rapids, and can be forded in nearly all parts of its course, except for a 
distance of about 200 miles from its mouth. The Sabine, Neches, and Trinity 
rivers are respectively 350, 300, and 410 miles in length; they are all navigable 
to a certain extent during a part of the year. The river Brazos is considered the 
best navigable stream in Texas; vessels drawing six feet water can ascend it to 
Brazoria ; and steamboats of light draught to San Felipe de Austin, 90 miles 
higher. The Rio Colorado rises in the high prairies east of the Puerco river ; 
and, after a course of 500 miles, flows into Matagorda bay. About 12 miles above 
its mouth the navigation is obstructed by a raft of a mile in extent : beyond this 
light vessels may ascend it 200 miles. The La Baca, Guadaloupe, San Antonio, 
and river Nueces, are more or less navigable part of the year; they are, however, 
but imperfectly known. 

The surface of Texas is in most parts covered with luxuriant native grasses, 
affording excellent pasturage ; it has also an ample supply of timber. Live oak 
is abundant, white, black, and post oak, ash, elm, hickory, musquite, walnut, 
sycamore hois d'arc, so called from the Indians using it to make their bows, 
cypress, &c., are among the common trees, and the mountainous parts in the south- 
east abound with pine and cedar of fine quality. Among the natural curiosities 
of the country, is the "Cross Timbers," a continuous series of forests, varying 
in breadth from 5 to 10 miles, and extending in a direct line from the sources of 

' 38 



98 



UNITED STATES. 



the Trinity, northward to the Arkansas river. It appears at a distance like an 
immense wall of wood ; and from the west such is its linear regularity, that it 
looks as if it were planted by art. It forms the great boundary of the western 
prairies. 

Texas is amply supplied with fruits and garden products. The climate of the 
lowlands is too warm for the apple, but almost every other fruit of temperate 
climes comes to perfection. Peaches, melons, figs, oranges, lemons, pine-apples, 
dates, olives, &c., may be grown in different localities. Grapes are abundant, 
and very tolerable wine has been made from some kinds ; vanilla, indigo, sarsa- 
parilla, and a great variety of dyeing and medicinal shrubs and plants are indige- 
nous, and on all the river bottoms is an undergrowth of cane, so thick as to be 
almost impervious. Along the water-courses also and near the sea, the larger 
trees are sometimes wreathed with Spanish moss, which serves both for fodder, 
and for the manufacture of cheap bedding, &c. The flora of Texas is particularly 
rich and copious. 

Cotton is the great agricultural staple of the state, and it is affirmed to be de- 
cidedly superior as a cotton growing country, to the best districts in other parts of 
the Union. Some cotton growing lands yield, it is said, from 1^ to 2 bales of 
clean cotton per acre. Its cultivation hitherto has been principally on the Brazos 
and Colorado, Red and Trinity rivers, and Caney creek ; but it is steadily on the 
advance. Cotton planting begins in February, and picking in June. 

The grains chiefly cultivated are corn and wheat: the average crop of the former 
on good ground, is from 50 to 60 bushels per acre : two crops may be gathered in 
the year, the first being usually planted in February, and the second late in June. 
Wheat has been cut in May, and the same land has yielded a good crop of corn 
in October; rye, barley, oats, &c., are suited for the upper country, and rice near 
the river estuaries ; but small quantities only of these grains have hitherto been 
raised. The sugar-cane is also said to attain to greater perfection than on the 
Mississippi, and an average of 3000 pounds to the acre has in some cases been 
attained. Tobacco, the mulberry tree, and potatoes, both common and sweet, 
grow well. 

The raising of live stock is the principal and favourite occupation of the Texans, 
and many of the prairies are covered with a valuable breed of oxen, which thrive 
well with but little attention. Profitable trade in cattle is opened with New 
Orleans, and hides, horns, and tallow, are beginning to be exported to Europe. 
The rearing of horses and mules is also extensively pursued ; sheep thrive on 
the upper lands, but require folding ; hogs are plentiful, and large quantities of 
pork are raised. Vast herds of buffaloes and wild horses wander over the prairies, 
and deer are every where abundant ; bears, cougars, panthers, peccaries, wolves, 
foxes, raccoons, &c., are common, and many of the planters keep packs of large 
and powerful dogs to prevent the destruction of their herds and flocks. Most of 
the birds known in the other parts of the United States are common to Texas ; and 
the bays, &c., abound in fish of excellent quality, beds of fine oysters, and other 
teslacea. Alligators are sometimes met with in the rivers, particularly Red river 
and its tributaries; turtles, &c., in the estuaries. There are several kinds of 
venomous serpents, and as in all other warm countries, musquitoes and other 
insect annoyances are common. 

The modes of husbandry in Texas are of the most simple description. The 
first object of the farmer after building a small and temporary log-cabin, is to 
enclose a sufficient space of the open level adjoining, by the erection of a rail- 
fence; he then proceeds to break up the land with a light plough, which is usually 
drawn by oxen. The Texan farmers generally content themselves with one 
ploughing previously to planting; manuring is seldom resorted to; the seed time 
for some cotton and most other crops is in February and March : a few hoeings 
to destroy weeds, to thin and earth up the young plants, is all that is required on 
the part of the husbandman to bring them to perfection. 

In many parts of the rolling prairie region, coal of a superior quality and iron 
ore have been found, and it has been supposed that beds of these valuable mine- 
rals extend over a great part of the country. Silver mines were wrought towards 



Santa Fe in the north-west, till the works were destroyed by the Comanches. 



TEXAS. 99 

Nitre abounds in the east, salt is obtained from numerous lakes and springs, and 
bitumen in several places ; granite, limestone, gypsum, slate, &c., are abundant, 
except in the low alluvial region. 

The principal towns in Texas are Galveston, Houston, San Augustin, San 
Felipe, Nacogdoches, &c. Galveston, on the island of the same name, is the 
chief commercial town : its trade with New Orleans, New York, and other east- 
ern ports is already considerable, as well as with Great Britain. The population 
of Galveston is from 5000 to 7000 ; Houston is the next important town, and has 
4500 inhabitants. San Augustine and San Antonio, or Bexar, have each a popu- 
lation of 1500; San Felipe, or San Felipe de Austin, 1000; Nacogdoches 600; 
Washington, Bastrop and Matagorda, each 400 ; Columbia 350. The towns of 
La Grange, Brazoria, Cincinnati, Franklin, Liberty, Shelbyville and Jasper, 
range in amount from 250 to 150 individuals; Santa Fe, with 6000 inhabitants, 
is the chief town in New Mexico : though within the bounds assumed by the Re- 
public of Texas, the latter never acquired possession of that part of the country. 
This town has been, since 1825, the chief emporium of Northern Mexico, and 
in it the traders of that country meet those of the United States ; the former pur- 
chasing the manufactures brought by the latter with peltry and bullion, so that a 
considerable amount of specie reaches the United States by this route. The 
annual value of the trade at Santa Fe has been estimated, in its most flourishino- 
period, from 1834 to 1841, at from 2 million to 3 million dollars since the las^t 
named period ; the trade was suspended for a time by the Mexican authorities, 
but is now reviving. Most of the goods for their trade are procured in Philadel- 
phia ; they are then transported by railway and canal to Pittsburg, tbenee shipped 
to St. Louis, and thence to a point on the Missouri river, in the vicinity of Inde- 
pendence : from the latter town they are taken in wagons 840 miles, to their place 
of destination. Part of the route is through a country so infested by hostile In- 
dians, that the United States government have usually sent au escort of cavalry 
with the larger caravans, and in 1839, 200 troops were sent for the protection of 
one body of traders. Austin, a small town of 400 inhabitants, was some years 
since laid out as the capital : it is on the left bank of the Colorado river, 200 
miles from the sea; but the seat of government was for a time recently located at 
Washington, on the Brazos. 

Previous to 1821, the only places occupied by a white population were the 
Spanish posts of San Antonio de Bexar, Bahia, or Goliad, and Nacogdoches, 
comprising in all about 3000 inhabitants. Soon after that time, an attempt was 
made to establish here the independent republic of Fredonia; but the Mexican 
constitution attached the territory to the province of Cohahuila, forming one of 
the united provinces a State, bearing the names of both. In consequence of the 
encouragement held out to settlers, there was a great influx of emigrants into the 
territory from the United States, many of whom carried with them their slaves. 
In 1832, the people of Texas formed for themselves a separate State constitution, 
and endeavoured to obtain from the Mexican Congress an admission into the con- 
federacy as an independent State. This being refused, a state of things ensued 
which resulted in an appeal to arms. Texas was invaded by a Mexican army, 
headed by Santa Anna, the President, in person. At first the overwhelmino- 
numerical superiority of the invaders gave them some advantages, which enabled 
thern to exhibit a remarkable ferocity towards their prisoners, several hundreds 
of whom were massacred in cold blood. But this was soon reversed ; and at the 
battle of San Jacinto the Mexicans were utterly routed, and their President was 
taken prisoner by the Texans. In March, 1836, the people of Texas declared 
themselves independent, afterwards formed a constitution and government, and 
elected a chief magistrate, together with all the requisite officials and appoint- 
ments of a sovereign and independent power. Texas is divided into three great 
departments, viz. Nacogdoches in the north, Brazos in the centre, and Bexar in 
the south. Each department comprises a number of counties. The State is far- 
ther subdivided into seven judicial districts, in each of which is a judge. The 
judges are appointed by Congress, and hold ofhce for four years. The salary of 
the chief justice is 5000 dollars, and of the district judges 3000 dollars each. The 
Supreme Court sits at Austin on the second Monday in each year. The Common 



100 



UNITED STATES. 



Law of England was adopted, and with the Acts of Congress forms the law of 

the land. 

Texas was an integral, and not like the United States, a federal republic. The 
President was elected for three years, and was not again eligible for a similar 
term. In other respects the constitution generally resembled that of the United 
States. The republic was recognized by the United States, France, England, 
and some other nations ; but not by Mexico. The population amounts to about 
300,000, nearly all of which consists of Americans from the United States. The 
slaves amounted, in 1843, to 22,412. The military force was composed chiefly 
of volunteer troops and militia ; the navy consisted of a sloop of war, two brigs, 
and an armed steamer, several schooners, &c. The value of the imports of Texas 
for the year ending July 3 1st, 1844, was $686,503 03. Exports for the same 
period, $615,119 34; Net duties, $177,86185. Direct taxes levied in 1844, 
$50,790 52; the public debt is reported (but not officially) at $8,169,000. The 
number of votes given at the election for President in 1844 was 12,752. 

The annexation of Texas to the United States, has been for some time a popular 
measure in both countries ; it has been strongly advocated by many of the most 
eminent men in the Union, as a desirable addition to our territory, and as affording 
the means of extending our laws and institutions over a part of the continent that 
would, under its former apathetic possessors, have long remained a comparative 
wilderness, with few inhabitants except Indians. During the session of 1844, 
'45, a bill passed both Houses of Congress of the United States, providing for 
immediate annexation. The government of Texas was somewhat tardy on the 
subject; but the inhabitants evinced such strong feelings in its favour, that the 
constituted authorities were at length obliged to perfect the measure. On the 18th 
of June, 1845, the Texan congress were then in session at Washington, on the 
Brazos river, when both houses unanimously consented to the terms of the joint 
resolution of the United States, providing for the admission of Texas as one of 
the States of the American Union. A convention of delegates of the people of 
Texas met July 6th, 1845, and ratified the act finally ceding the Republic to the 
United States. In the United States Congress, assembled at Washington city, 
December, 1845, a constitution for the government of Texas was submitted, and 
adopted by a vote of 141 to 56 in the House of Representatives, and 31 to 15 in 
the Senate. By the same resolution it was decided, that Texas should be entitled 
to two members of the House of Representatives until the next census of the 
United States. Of course, Texas has two Senators also in the national councils. 
President Polk, in his annual message, thus alludes to the subject of annexation. 
"The jurisdiction of the United Stales has been peacefully extended to the Del 
Norte, and this in despite of the diplomatic interference of European monarchies." 
" We may rejoice," says he further, " that the tranquil and pervading influence 
of the American principle of self-government, was sufficient to defeat the pur- 
poses of British and French interference, and that the almost unanimous voice of 
the people of Texas, has given to that interference a peaceful and effectual rebuke. 
From this example, European governments may learn how vain diplomatic arts 
and intrigues must ever prove upon this continent, against that system of self- 
government which seems natural to our soil, and which will ever resist foreign 
interference." 



CALIFORNIA. 



California is one of the chief divisions of the Mexican Republic, and forms 

the most north-westerly portion of its territory : it is an extensive region, and 

stretches along the shores of the Pacific Ocean, from latitude 22° 31', to 42° north, 

a distance of 1420 miles. It is divided into two provinces, Upper or New, and 

i Lower or Old California : the former is the most northerly. 



CALIFORNIA. 



101 



Old or LoweIi Califorma — This district is a narrow peninsula, parallel with 
the continent : it is bounded on the west by the Pacific ocean, and on the east by 
the Gulf of California, or Vermillion sea. In length it is about 720 miles, with 
an average breadth of 50 miles, area 30,000 square miles. It enjoys the most 
beautiful sky in the world ; but the soil is sandy and arid, and only a few favoured 
spots present a trace of vegetation. There are about 7000 Spaniards and con- 
verted Indians, and 4000 savages ; and it is not supposed that the population can 
ever be much greater. The missions have been mostly broken up since the revo- 
lution. Loreto, once a place of some note, now contains about 250 inhabitants. 

This part of America has been long noted for its pearl fisheries ; it is still 
carried on along the coast, but is less important than it was formerly. Sixteen 
or eighteen small vessels are all that are now employed, each of which, in favour- 
able seasons, obtains pearls to the value of from 500 to 1000 dollars. Pearls, 
tortoise shells, a few bullocks' hides, dried beef, dried fruits, cheese, soap, &c., 
constitute all the exports of Lower California, which are sent chiefly to San Bias 
and Matzalan, in small coasting vessels. The imports are provisions, clothing, 
agricultural and domestic utensils, supplies for the ceremonies of the church, an°d 
a small amount of the ordinary luxuries of life. 

This country was discovered by Hernando de Grijalvo, in 1534, but no settle- 
ment was made by the Spaniards, until the end of the succeeding century, vi-hen 
a few Jesuits established themselves here with a view of converting the natives. 
They founded Loreto and other small settlements as missionary stations, instructed 
the Indians in agriculture, and persuaded many of them to adopt settled habita- 
tions ; but this civilization has taken no real root, and the Aborigines appear to 
be rapidly diminishing : about one-half the natives of Lower California have 
been nominally converted to Christianity. 

Upper California. — This part of Mexico was declared independent in 1845, 
It has of late attracted much attention in the United States; a number of Ame- 
rican citizens are already settled in it, and many others are preparing to emigrate 
thither. It extends from the Pacific Ocean to the Anahuac mountains, and from 
the 42° of N. lat. to the head of the Gulf of California. On the north it is 
bounded by Oregon, on the south by Old California and the province of Sonora. 
Its extent from north to south is about 700, and from east to west from 600 to 800 
miles, with an area of about 420,000 square miles. 

The largest river of Upper California is the Colorado or Red river, so called 
from the colour of its waters; it has a course of about 1000 miles. The region 
through which it flows is almost unknown, being still in possession of the native 
tribes, and has been but little explored. Green and Grand rivers, its largest upper 
tributaries, both rise within the United States, the first at the foot of Fremont's, 
and the other at the western base of Long's Peak. Its lower and largest branch, 
the Gila, is a considerable river. The country both north and south of it, for 
some distance, is inhabited by numerous Indian tribes, of which but little is known 
except their names. The Sacramento and San Joaquin, which flow into San 
Francisco bay, have respectively about 400 and 300 miles of course. They water 
the fine valley which lies between the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range Mountains, 
Their banks are nearly uninhabited, except by some Indians, and a few American 
families on the Sacramento, who have recently removed thither. The Tule or 
Bulrush lakes join the head waters of the San Joaquin; and Mountain lake, dis- 
covered by Captain Fremont, joins the Rio de los Americanos, a branch of the 
Sacramento. The Buenaventura river flows into the sea at Monterey. The other 
streams along the Pacific are small; they are sometimes dried up, and a want of 
water is occasionally felt in various quarters below the coast range. Bear river 
runs into the great Salt Lake; Sevier river, a recent discovery, rises on the west 
side of the Wahsatch mountains, and flows most probably into the Colorado. 

Of the lakes of Upper California, the great Salt Lake, near its north-eastern 
extremity ,s the largest. It is probably not less than 280 miles in circuit, and 
has no Known outlet ; its waters are Salter than those of the ocean. The Utah, 
a smaller and fresh-vi-ater lake, flows into the former from the south : its name is 
derived from the adjacent Utah Indians. These two lakes are doubtless the Tim- 
panogos and Buenaventura lakes of the old Spanish maps, but they are now for 



102 CALIFORNIA. 



the first time correctly portrayed by Captain Fremont, on the map of his late ex- 
ploration. Mountain, Pyramid, and Mud lakes, are recent discoveries by Captain 
Fremont, and are all imbedded amongst the ridges of the Sierra Nevada. From 
the surface of Pyramid lake, a remarkable rock, nearly as regular in form as the 
famed pyramids of Egypt, rises to the height of 600 feet; it is visible many miles 
distant, and from it the lake received its name. The Tule lakes, already men- 
tioned, are so called from the quantities of bulrushes which grow on their banks. 
They are two in number ; the lower lake, much the largest, is supposed to be 
about 80 miles long, and from 12 to 15 broad. These lakes are formed by the 
mountain streams of the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range ; when their waters 
are abundant they flow into the San Joaquin, but at other times there is no 
connection. 

The chief mountains of Upper California on the eastern frontier are the Sierra 
Anahuac, the Sierra los Mimbres, and the Sierra Madre. These all form a con- 
tinuous chain, and are a part of the great Rocky Mountain range. They separate 
the waters of the Colorado, from those of the Rio Grande del Norte. The Bear 
river and Wahsatch mountains were recently explored by Captain Fremont ; 
they are both of considerable elevation, and form the eastern rim of the Great 
Interior Basin. The Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range run nearly in the direc- 
tion of the coast; the first at a distance from the Pacific, varying from 100 to 200 
miles, and the other at from 40 to 60 miles. The valley interposed between them 
is the finest part of California ; it is not less than 500 miles in length, and from 
60 to 140 wide. The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range of California, is reported 
by Captain Fremont to be of greater height than the Rocky Mountains, and to be 
all the time covered with snow. The pass by which that intrepid officer crossed 
the Sierra was 9,338 feet above the sea, and the mountains on either hand rose 
several thousand feet higher. The Coast Range is of less elevation than the 
Sierra Nevada ; some of its peaks are, however, covered with snow. San Ber- 
nardin and Mount Shaste are tlie highest. 

Nearly the whole of the central part of this region, extending from 400 to 500 
miles from north to south, and about the same from east to west, is unexplored. 
It is called the " Great Interior Basin of California," and is enclosed on the west 
by the Sierra Nevada, and on the east by the Bear river and the Wahsatch moun- 
tains. It is generally represented as a sandy desert, but it is known to contain 
in some quarters various rivers and lakes, none of whose waters reach the ocean. 
The mountains by which the whole is surrounded prevent their egress, and the 
surplus is no doubt absorbed by evaporation, or lost in the sands of the more arid 
districts. The population consists of a few wandering savages, who live chiefly 
on insects and seeds, and on the roots which they dig out of the earth ; hence 
their name of "Diggers." The rabbit is the largest animal known here; it sup- 
plies a little flesh, and its skin furnishes the scanty raiment of the almost naked 
inhabitants. The wild sage is the only wood ; it grows of large size, being often 
a foot in diameter and from six to eight feet high. It serves for fuel, for building 
material, for shelter to the rabbits, and for some sort of covering for the feet and 
legs in cold weather. 

The Pah-Utah Indians, whom Captain Fremont encountered on the southern 
edge of the Great Basin, are a race of nearly naked savages, armed with long 
bows and arrows ; the latter are barbed with a kind of stone almost as hard as 
the diamond, and, when discharged from their powerful bows, are almost as 
effective as a gunshot. They followed his party stealthily like a band of wolves, 
and at length killed one of his best men and stole several of his animals. In 
their depredations on the coast settlements, and on travellers, all the horses, mules, 
&c., that they capture, are immediately driven oflT to their retreats in the moun- 
tains, and slaughtered for food. 

The Utah Indians, who reside in the vicinity of the Great Salt la^^e, and along 
the head waters of the Colorado, are less savage in their habits, having had some 
intercourse with the traders, and with the people of New Mexico. Many of them 
are well mounted, and have good rifles ; they also commit depredations at times 
on the whites, and especially on the annual caravan that passes along the great 
Spanish trace from California to Santa Fe. 



CALIFORNIA. 103 



Wild animals are in some parts of upper California very numerous. Captain 
Fremont encountered, in his late journey through the valley of the San Joaquin, 
large droves of elk and wild horses, also wolves and antelopes. The grizzly 
bear is met with in the Rocky Mountains and in the Sierra Nevada. The buffalo, 
panther or American tiger, deer, and several other species of animals are common. 
Otters and beavers abound in many of the streams. The latter, having been much 
sought after for their skins, are less numerous than formerly. The rabbit is re- 
ported as the only animal to be found in the Great Basin. 

The wealth of California consists of live stock. The chief articles of export 
are hides and tallow : about 150,000 of the former, and 200,000 arrobas of the 
latter are exported annually. About 2000 beaver, 3000 elk and deer, and 400 or 
500 sea-otter skins, the latter worth 30 dollars a-piece, are also exported ; besides 
which, about 12,000 bushels of wheat are shipped annually to the Russian set- 
tlements on the Northwest Coast. 

The wheat is of excellent quality ; and, except in years when drought prevails, 
the product is very abundant. Indian corn yields well, also potatoes, beans,'peas, 
&c. The soil is well adapted for grapes ; from 3000 to 4000 gallons of wine are 
made, and about the same amount of brandy ; this, however, is quite insufficient 
for the supply of the country, and large amounts of foreign wines and liquors are 
imported. Besides cattle, sheep, horses, mules, goats, and swine abound. The 
mutton is of fine flavour, but the wool is inferior, as no attention is paid to that 
kind of stock. 

At the missions, coarse blankets and wearing apparel for the Indians are manu- 
factured, besides a small amount of soap and leather. There are in the country 
only two or three water-mills for grinding wheat, which are owned by Americans. 

The number of aborigines is estimated at 15,000. One-half of these are con- 
verted Indians, the remainder reside mostly on the Sacramento river. The whites 
are estimated at about 5000, with 2000 more of mixed blood; making the whole 
population of Upper California about 22,000 souls. The health and robustness 
of the white inhabitants seem remarkable, and must be attributed to the fine cli- 
mate, as well as to their simple diet: this consists of beef roasted upon the coals, 
a few vegetables, and the tortilla, which is a thin cake made of corn meal, and 
baked upon a sheet of iron. Throughout the country, both with the rich and poor, 
this is the general fare; a few luxuries have been lately introduced. The chil- 
dren are, for the most part, left to the care of themselves, and run about naked 
and dirty. They are generally robust, and their relative number seems to be 
great; thus, it is by no means uncommon to see families of fourteen or fifteen 
children. A large number die from accidental falls from horses, with which, from 
their earliest childhood, they are accustomed to be engaged. They early become 
expert and fearless riders, and this skill is not confined altogether to the male sex; 
the women are almost equally expert. Families with numerous members are sel- 
dom met with, who have not had to mourn the loss of several of their number 
from casualties of this sort. 

Although the Californians are comparatively few in number, yet they have a 
distinctive character. Descended from the old Spaniards, they are unfortunately 
found to have all their vices, without a proper share of their virtues ; they are 
exceedingly fond of gambling, which is equally in favour with the male and 
female portion of the community. Their games consist in cards, dice, &c. 

Their amusements are cock-fighting, bull and bear-baiting, and dancing; these 
are the predominant occupations of their lives, always accompanied with exces- 
sive drinking. 

The female portion of the community are ignorant, degraded, and the slaves of 
their husbands. They are very fond of dress, and will make any sacrifice to 
gratify it. The men have no trades, and depend for every thing upon the con- 
verted Indians, some of whom are quite inuenious, both as carpenters and black- 
smiths. The whites are so indolent, and withal have so much pride, as to make 
them look upon all manual labour as degrading. In truth, they regard all those 
who work as beneath them ; they, in consequence, can never be induced to labour. 

The Indians of Upper California are indolent and pusillanimous, and destitute 
cf the boldness and energy displayed by many of the aborigines in other quar- 

21 2F 



104 CALIFORNIA. 



ters. Excepting those that have been converted at the missions, the women go 
nearly, and the men entirely naked ; and they are all extremely filthy in their 
habits. 

The missions w^ere establishments formed by the Catholic missionaries for the 
conversion and civilization of the Indians: some were converted by persuasive 
means, and others by force. The men were employed in tilling the ground, or in 
the warehouses and laboratories of the mission ; the women were engaged in 
spinning, grinding corn, and other domestic labours. All were fed and clothed 
by the friars, to whom they were in fact slaves, and were not allowed to leave the 
missions. In 1831 their number was about 18,000. The missions consist of a 
cluster of small houses, usually built in a square, with a territory of about 15 
square miles each, free from government taxes, and each subordinate to a Fran- 
ciscan friar, termed a prefect. 

The towns of this country are all small. Monterey, the capital, has only 300 
inhabitants ; San Diego, and Pueblo de los Angeles, the two largest towns, have 
each a population of from 800 to 1000 ; Santa Barbara and San Francisco are the 
next important. The latter is on the bay of the same name, and has the finest 
harbour on the coast; it affords perfect security to ships of any burthen, with 
plentiful supplies of fresh beef, vegetables, wood, and water. It is much visited 
by American whalers and other vessels. The river which flows into this bay 
waters the finest portion of Upper California, and it is to this quarter that the 
attention of American emigrants is directed. 

Nueva Helvetia is the nucleus of g»new American settlement formed in 1838-39 
by Captain Sutter, a citizen of Missouri, who obtained a grant of land from the 
Mexican government. It is about 50 miles above San Francisco bay, near the 
junction of the Sacramento with the Rio de los Americanos, and consists chiefly 
of a fort built of adobes or sun-dried bricks, mounting 12 pieces of cannon ; in 
the interior are the dwellings and work-shops. About 30 white men and 40 In- 
dians are employed by Captain Sutter, and are mostly engaged in agriculture. 
Large quantities of excellent wheat are raised, much of which is shipped to the 
North West settlements, in vessels belonging to the proprietor. Nueva Helvetia 
is at a considerable distance from any other settlement, and much energy and 
industry have been manifested in its establishment. Several American families 
reside in the vicinity. 

This country was in part discovered by Cabrillo, a Spanish navigator, in 1542; 
and its northern part, called New Albion, by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578. In 
1768 it was first colonized by the Spaniards, and, until after the revolution in 
Mexico, formed a province of that country. In November, 1836, the people of 
Monterey and its vicinity rose, attacked and subdued the garrison, expelled the 
Mexican functionaries and troops, declared California independent, and established 
a congress of deputies for its future government. It returned afterwards to Mexi- 
can authority; but in 1845 the people again proclaimed their independence. In 
October, 1842, Monterey was captured by an American squadron under the com- 
mand of Commodore Jones, under the belief that war existed between Mexico 
and the United States. After being held two or three days, the town was restored 
to the Mexicans. 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 105 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1790, 1800, 1810, 

1820, 1830, AND 1840. 

PROM THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 

Also, the increase per cent, for each ten years, and for fifty years ; and the class 
of each state according to its present numerical strength. 



Maine 

New Hampshire.... 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut « 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District of Columbia 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Indiana . ■. 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Louisiana, 

Missouri 

Alabama 

Michigan 

Arkansas 

Florida territory 

Wiskonsin territory 

Iowa territory 

On board U. S. vessels 



1790. 



96,540 
141,899 
378,717 

69,110 
238.141 

85,416 
340,120 
184,139 
434,373 

59,096 
319,728 



748,308 

393,751 

249,073 

82,548 

73,077 

35,791 



1800. 



151,719 
183,7(i2 
423,245 

69,122 
251,002 
154,465 
586,750 
211,949 
602,365 

64,273 
341,548 

14,093 
880,200 
478,103 
345,591 
162,101 
220,955 
105,602 

45,365 
4,875 
8,850 



1810. 



228,705 

214,300 

472,040 

77,031 

262,042 

217,7]3 

959,040 

245,555 

810,091 

72.674 

380,546 

24,023 

974,622 

555,500 

415,115 

252,433 

406,511 

261,727 

230,760 

24,520 

40,352 

12,282 

76,556 

20,845 



4,702 



1820. 



298,335 
244,161 
523,28' 

83,059 

275,202 

235,764 

1,372,812 

277,575 

1,049,458 

72,749 
407,350 

33,039 
1.065,379 
638,829 
502,741 
340,987 
504,317 
422,813 
581,434 
147.178 

75,448 

55,211 
153,407 

66,580 

127,901 

8,896 

14,273 



3,929,827 5,305,940 7,239,814 9,638,19112,866,020 17,068,666 



1830. 



399,455 

269,328 

610,408 

97,199 

297,675 

280,652 

1,913,006 

.320,823 

1,348,233 

76,748 

447,040 

39,834 

1,211,405 

737,987 

581,185 

516,823 

687,917 

681,904 

937,903 

343,031 

136,621 

157,445 

215,529 

140,455 

309,527 

31,639 

30,388 

34,730 



1840. 



11,130 



501,793 

284,574 

737,699 

108,830 

309,978 

291,948 

2,428,921 

373,306 

1,724,033 

78,085 

469,232 

43,712 

1,239,797 

753,419 

594,398 

691,392 

779,828 

829,210 

1,519,467 

685,866 

375,651 

476,183 

352,411 

383,702 

590,756 

212,267 

97,574 

54,477 

30,945 

43,112 

6,100 



Class. 

13 
22 

8 
24 
20 
21 

1 
18 

2 
26 
15 
28 

4 

7 
11 

9 

6 

5 

3 
10 
17 
14 
19 
16 
12 
23 
25 
21 
30 
29 



Increase per cent, each ten years : 

From 1790 to 1800 35 per cent. 

From 1800 to 1810 36i per cent. 

From 1810 to 1820 33 percent. 

From 1820 to 1830 33i per cent. 

From 1830 to 1840 32i per cent. 

Average increase each 10 years for the last 50 years, 34 15- 100 per cent. ; at this rate, 
the number of inhabitants in the United States would be : 

In 1850. 22,872,268. 

. In 1860 30,649,182. 

In 1870 41,070,363. 



aw) 



106 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



AGGREGATE AND INCREASE OF EACH DESCRIPTION OF PERSONS IN 
THE UNITED STATES IN 1830, AND 1840. 



WHITE PERSONS. 



Under 5 years of age, . 
5 and under ]0 . 
10 and under J5 • 
15 and under 20 
20 and under ."50 
30 and under 40 
40 and under 50 
50 and under 60 
60 and under 70 
70 and under 80 
80 and under 90 
90 and under 100 
100 and upwards, 



1830. 

Males, I Females. 



972,980 

782,075 

669,734 

573,196 

956,487 

592,535 

367,840 

229,284 

135,082 

57,772 

15,806 

2,041 

301 



5,355,133 

Total No. of 
Whites, 



921,934 

750,741 

638,856 

596,254 

918,411 

555,531 

35t),046 

223,504 

131,307 

58,336 

17,434 

2,523 

238 



1840. 

Males. Females. 



5,171,115 
5,355,133 



10,526,248 



1,270,790 

1,024,072 

879,499 

756,022 

1,322,440 

866,431 

536,568 

314,505 

174,226 

80,051 

21,679 

2,507 

476 



7,249,266 



1,203,349 ' 

986,921 I 

836,588 

792,168 

1,253,395 

779,097 

502,143 

304,810 

173,299 

80,562 

23,964 

3,231 

315 



6,939,842 
7,249,266 , 



14,189,108 



FREE COLOURED PERSONS. 



Under 10 years of age, 
10 and under 24 
24 and under 36 
36 and under 55 
55 and under 100 
100 and upwards, 



48,675 
43,079 
27,650 
22,271 
11,509 
269 



154,453 

Total No. of 

Free Colour'd 

Persons, 



47,329 
48,138 
32,541 
24,327 
13,425 
386 



166,146 
154.453 



320,599 



56,323 
52,799 
35,308 

28,258 
13,493 

286 



186,467 



55,069 
56,562 
41,673 
30,385/ 
15,728 
361 



199,778 
186,467 



386,245 



SLAVES. 



Under 10 years of age, 
10 and under 24 
24 and under 36 
36 and under 55 
55 and under 100 
100 and upwards. 



Total Number of Slaves, 



352,498 
312,567 

185,585 

118,880 

41,545 

748 



1,011,823 
996,220 



2,008,043 



347,665 
308,770 
185,786 
111,877 
41,436 
676 



996,220 



422,599 
391,131 
235,373 
145,264 
51,288 
753 



421,470 
390,075 
239.787 
139,201 
49,692 
580, 



1,246,408 1,240,805 
I 1,246,403 

I 2,487,213 ' 



RECAPITULATION, 

White Persons, 

Free Coloured Persons, 

Slaves, 

On Board Vessels of War, (White,) 



Increase of White Persons, 10 years, 1830 to 1840, 

Increase of Free Coloured Persons, 10 years, 1830 to 1840, 

Increase of Slaves, 10 years, 1830 to 1840, 

The same ratio of increase for the ne,\;t ten years, would give 
in 1850 : 

White Persons, 

Free Coloured Persons, 

Slaves, 



1830. ' 1840. j 

10,526,248 I 14,189,108 

320,599 386,245 

2,008,043 2,487,213 



11,130 



12,866,020 



6,100 



17 063,666 : 

34 perct. ' 
20i pr. ct. ; 
23 J pr. ct. I 



19,015,478 

463,.593 

3,077,92fi 

22,550.997 



2B2 



(>89) 



PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



107 



PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The following, compiled with great care from the Census returns, 
embraces a complete recapitulation of the aggregate value and produce, 
(and the number of persons employed,) in Mines, Agriculture, Com- 
merce, Manufactures, &c., &c., exhibiting a full view of the pursuits, 
industry, and resources of the United States and Territories. 



MINES. 



IRON. 



Cast, Number of furnaces, 804 

Tons produced, 286,903 

Bar, Number of bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, 795 

Tons produced, 197,233 

Tons of fuel consumed, 1,528,110 

Number of men employed, including mining operations, . . 30,497 
Capital invested, $20,432,131 

LEAD. 

Number of smelting-houses, counting each fire, one, 120 

Number of pounds produced, 31,239,453 

Number of men employed, 1,017 

Capital invested, f 1,346,756 

GOLD. 

Number of smelting-houses, 157 

Value produced, $529,605 

Number of men employed, 1,046 

Capital invested, $234,325 

OTHER METALS. 

Value produced, $370,614 

Number of men employed, 728 

Capital invested, $238,980 

COAL. 

Anthracite, Tons raised, (28 bushels each,) 863,489 

Number of men employed, 3,048 

Capital invested $4,355,602 

Bituminous, Number of bushels raised, 27,603,191 

Men employed, 3,768 

Capital invested, $1,868,862 

DOMESTIC SALy. 

Number of bushels produced, 6,179,174 

Men employed, 2,365 

Capital invested, $6,998,045 



51 



(i9j; 



108 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



GRANITE, MARBLE AND OTHER STONE. 

Value produced $3,695,884 

Number of men employed, 7,859 

Capital invested $2,540,159 



AGRICULTURE. 

LIVE STOCK. 



Horses and mules, 

Neat cattle, 

Sheep, 

Swine, 

Poultry of all kinds — estimated value, 



. 4,335,669 
14,971,586 
19,311,374 
26,301,293 
$9,344,410 



CEREAL GRAINS. 

No. of Bushels of Wheat, 

Barley, 

Oats, 

Rye *.. 

Buckwheat, 

Indian corn, 



. 84,823,272 
. . 4,161,504 
123,071,341 
. 18,645,567 
. . 7,291,743 
377,531,875 



VARIOUS CROPS. 



Number of pounds of Wool, 
Hops, 
Wax, 

Bushels of Potatoes, 

Tons of Hay, 

Hemp and flax, . . . , 



. 35,802,114 
. . 1,238,502 
. . . . 628,303^ 
108,298,060 
. 10,248,1081 
95,25l| 



TOBACCO, COTTON, SUGAR, &C. 

Pounds of Tobacco gathered, 

Rice, 

Cotton gathered, 

Silk cocoons, 

Sugar made, 

Cords of Wood sold, 

Value of the produce of the Dairy 

Orchard, 

Gallons of Wine made, 

Value of home made or family goods, 



HORTICULTURE. 

Value of produce of Market gardeners, . . , 
Nurseries and floristt=, 

Number of men employed, 

Capital invested, 



219,163,319 

. 80,841,422 
790,479,275 

61,5524 

15.5,100,809 

. . 5,088,891 
$33,787,008 
. $7,256,904 
. . . . 124,734 
$20,023,380 



. $2,601,196 
. . . $503,.534 

8,553 

. $2,945,774 



(192) 



PRODUCTS OF THE-UNITED STATES. 



109 



COMMERCE. 

Number of commercial houses in Foreigri trade, 1,108 

Commission business, 2,881 

Capital invested, $119,295,367 

Retail dry goods, grocery, and other stores, 57,565 

Capital invested, $250,301,799 

Lumber yards and trade, 1,793 

Capital invested, . . . . ; $9,848,307 

Number of men employed, 35,963 

Internal transportation — no. of .men employed, 17,594 

Butchers, packers, &c., do. 4,808 

Capital invested, $11,526,950 

FISHERIES. 

Number of quintals smoked or dried fish, 773,947 

Barrels pickled fish, 472,359^ 

Gallons Spermaceti oil, 4,764,708 

Whale and other fish oil, 7,536,778 

Value of whale-bone and other productions of fisheries, . $1,153,234 

Number of men employed 36,584 

Capital invested, $16,429,620 

PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. 

Value of lumber produced, $12,943,507 

Barrels of tar, pitch, turpentine, rosin, 619,106 

Tons of pot and pearl ashes, 15,935^ 

Skins and furs — value produced, $1,065,869 

Ginseng and all other productions of the forest — value, .... $526,580 
Number of men employed, 22,042 

MANUFACTURES. 

Machinery, Value of machinery manufactured, $10,980,581 

Number of men employed, 13,001 

Hardware, Cutlery, &c.. Value of manufactured, $6,4151,967 

No. of men employed, 5,492 

Number of cannon and small arms, 

Number of Cannon cast, 274 

Small arms made, 88,073 

Men employed, 1,744 

Precious Metals, Value manufactured, $4,734,960 

Number of men employed, 1,556 

Various Metals, Value manufactured, $9,779,442 

Number of men employed, 6,677 

Granite, Marble, &c., Value manufactured, $2,442,950 

No. of men employed 3,734 

Bricks and Lime, Value manufactured, $9,736,945 

No. of men employed, 22,807 

Capital invested in preceding manu- 
factures, $20,620,869 

- ^^ 



i| 



110 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Wool, Number of fulling mills, 2,585 

Woollen manufactories, 1,420 

Value of manufactured g-oods, $20,696,999 

Number of persons employed, 21,342 

Capital invested, $15,765,124 

Cotton, Number of cotton manufactories, 1,240 

Spindles ; 2,284,631 

Dyeing and printing establishments, 129 

Value of manufactured articles, $46,350,453 

Number of persons employed, 72,119 

Capital invested, $51,102,359 

Silk, Number of pounds reeled, thrown, or other silk made, . . 15,745J 

Value of the same, $119,814 

Number of males employed, 246 

females and children, 521 

Capital invested, $274,374 

Flax, Value of manufactures of flax, 322,205 

Number of persons employed 1,628 

Capital invested, $208,087 

Mixed Manufactures, Value of produce, $6,545,503 

Number of persons employed, 15,905 

»" Capital invested, $4,368,991 

Tobacco, Value of manufactured articles, $5,819,568 

Number of persons employed, 8,384 

Capital invested, $3,437,191 

Hats, Caps, Bonnets, &c.. Value of hats and caps manu- 
factured, $8,704,342 

Value of straw bonnets manu- 
factured, $1,476,505 

Number of persons employed, . . . 20,176 
Capital invested $4,485,300 

Leather, Tanneries, Saddleries, &c. 

Number of tanneries, 8,229 

Sides of sole leather tanned, 3,463,611 

upper do. do 3,781,868 

Number of men employed, 26,018 

Capital invested, $15,650,929 

All other manufactures of leather, saddleries, &c., .... 17,136 

Value of manufactured articles, $33,134,403 

Capital invested, $12,881,262 

Soap and Candles, Number of pounds of soap, 49,820,497 

Number of pounds of tallow candles,. 17,904,507 
Number of pounds of spermaceti and 

wax candles, 2,936,951 

Number of men employed, 5,641 

Capital invested, $2,757,273 

Distilled and Fermented Liquors. 

Number of distilleries, 10,306 

gallons produced, 41,402,627 

breweries, 406 

(194) 



PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill 

Distilled and Fermented Iiquors. 

Number of gallons produced, 23,267,730 

men employed, 12,223 

Capital invested, f9,147,368 

Powder Mills, Number of powder mills, 137 

Pounds of gunpowder, 8,977,348 

Number of men employed, 496 

Capital invested, $875,875 

Drugs, Medicines, Paints, and Dyes. 

Value of medicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c., $4,151,899 

Value of turpentine and varnish produced, $660,827 

Number of men employed, 1,848 

Capital invested, $4,507,675 

Glass, Earthenware, &c. 

Number of glass-houses, 81 

cutting establishments, 34 

men employed, 3,236 

Value of manufactured articles, including looking 

glasses $2,890,293 

Capital invested, $2,084,100 

Number of potteries, 659 

Value of manufactured articles, $1,104,825 

Number of men employed, 1,612 

Capital invested, $551,431 

Sugar Refineries, Chocolate, &c. 

Number of sugar refineries, 43 

Value of produce, $3,250,700 

chocolate manufactured, $79,900 

confectionary made, $1,143,965 

Number of men employed 1,355 

Capital invested, $1,769,571 

Paper, Number of paper manufactories, 426 

Value of produce, $5,641,495 

all other manufactures of paper, playing 

cards, «fcc., $511,597 

Number of mem employed, 4,726 

Capital invested, $4,745,239 

Printing and Binding, Number of printing offices, 1,552 

Number of binderies, 447 

Number of daily newspapers, . .^ 138 

weekly newspapers, 1,141 

semi and tri-weekly, 125 

periodicals, 227 

men employed, 11,523 

Capital invested, $5,873,815 

Cordage, Number of rope walks, 388 

Value of produce, $4,078,306 

Number of men employed, 4,464 

Capital invested, $2,465,577 

(195) 



112 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Musical iNsxRUMEtJTS, Value produced, $923,924 

Number of men employed, 908 

Capital invested, $734,370 

Carriages and Wagons, Value produced, $10,897,887 

Number of men employed, 21,994 

Capilal invested, $5,551,632 

Mills, Number of flouring mills, 4,364 

Barrels of flour manufactured, 7,404,562 

Number of grist mills, 23,661 

saw do 31,650 

oil do 843 

Value of manufactures, $70,545,246 

Number of men employed, 60,788 

Capital invested, $65,858,470 

Ships, Value of ships and vessels built, $7,016,094 

Furniture, Value of furniture made, $7,555,405 

Number of men employed, 18,003 

Capital invested $6,989,971 

Houses, Number of brick and stone houses built, 8,429 

wooden houses, 45,684 

men employed, 85,501 

Value of constructing or building, $41,917,401 

All other Manufactures not enumerated. 

Value, $34,785,353 

Capital invested $25,019,726 

Total Capital invested in manufactures, $267,726,579 



From the foregoing, we have formed the following table, showing, as 
far as practicable, the amount of capital invested in various branches 
of business, which, it appears, is $716,089,256. The capital employed 
in agriculture is not given ; neither is it in some other branches. 

In Iron business, $20,432,131 

Lead do 1,346,756 

Gold do 234,325 

Other metals, 238,980 

Coal Business. * 

Anthracite 4,35.5,602 

Bituminous, 1,868,862 

6,224,464 

Salt, 6,998,045 

Granite, Marble and Stone, 2,-540.159 

Nurseries, 2,94.5,774 

In commercial and commission houses, 119,295,367 

Retail dry goods and grocery, &c., 250,301,799 

Lumber yards and trade, 9,848,307 

Butchers, packers, &c., 11,526,950 

Fisheries, 16,429,620 

Various manufactures, 20,620,869 

Woollen do 15,765,124 



PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 



Cotton manufactures, 51,102,359 

Silk do. 274,374 

Flax do. 208,087 

Mixed do. 4,368,991 

Tobacco do. 3,437,191 

Hats, caps, and bonnets, 4,485,300 

Leather tanneries, 15,650,929 

manufactured, and saddles, 12,881,262 

Soap and candles, 2,757,273 

Distilleries and breweries, 9,147,368 

Powder mills, 875,875 

Drugs, medicines, paints, and dves, 4,507,675 

Glass, .' 2,084,100 

Earthenware, &c., .551,431 

Sugar refineries and chocolate, 1,769,571 

Paper making, 4,745,239 

Printing and binding, 5,873,815 

Cordage, 2,465,577 

Making musical instruments, 734,370 

carriages and wagons, 5,551,632 

Mills, 65,858,470 

Making furniture, 6,989,971 

All other manufactures, 25,019,726 

Total capital invested in manufactures, 267,726,579 



$716,089,256 



Number of men employed in the various branches of business, accord- 
ing to the preceding summary. 

Iron and mining, 30,497 

Lead 1,017 

Gold, 1,046 

Other rnetals, 728 

Coal— Anthracite, 3,043 

Bituminous, 3,768 

6,811 

Domestic salt, 2,365 

Granite, marble, and stone, 7,859 

Nurseries 8,553 

Lumber yards and trade, 35,963 

Internal transportation, 17,594 

Butchers, packers, &c., 4,808 

Fisheries, 36,584 

Products of the forest, 22,042 

Machinery manufacture, 13,001 

Hardware and cutlery manufacture, 5,492 

Cannon and small arms do. 1,744 

Precious metals do. 1,556 

Various metals do. 6,677 

2C (isT) 



114 PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Granite, marble, and stone manufacture, 3,734 

Bricks and lime do. 22,807 

Woollen manufactures, 21,342 

72,119 

767 

1,628 

15,905 

8,384 



Cotton 


do. 


Silk 


do. 


Flax 


do. 


Mixed 


do. 


Tobacco 


do. 



Hats, caps and bonnets, 20,176 

Leather, tanneries and saddleries 26,018 

Soap and candles, 5,641 

Distilleries and fermented liquors 12,223 

Powder mills, 496 

Drusfs and medicines, paints and dyes 1,848 

Glass 3,236 

Potteries 1,612 

Sugar refineries and chocolate, 1,355 

Paper making, ^. 4,726 

Printing and binding, 11,523 

Cordage, 4,464 

Musical instruments, 908 

Carriages and wagons, 21,994 

Milling 60,788 

Furniture, 18,003 

House building 85,501 

631,535 

The foregoing embraces all the information that is given respecting 
the number of persons employed in the particular brancheg of business 
stated. 

VALUE OF MANUFACTLHED GOODS, 

As appears by the tables. 

Machinery made, $10,980,581 

Hardware and cutlery, 6,451,967 

Precious metals, '*'^'^'*'^o 

Various do 9,779,442 

Granite, stone, marble, &c 2,442,950 

Bricks and lime, 9,736,945 

Woollen goods, 20,696,999 

Cotton do *^'^-^?-f'?? 

Silk do liy.814 

Flaxen goods, f 4 -'^no 

Mixed manufactures, d, n 2o 

Tobacco do. ^'^?..'o.o 

Hats and caps, ?'i2J'?S 

Straw bonnets, • 'f 04 5n? 

Leather and saddlery, ^^ if 1 qqq 

Drugs, medicines, paints and dyes 4,151,899 



INDIAN TRIBES IN THE UNITED STATES. 115 



Turpentine and varnish, , 660,827 

Glass and looking-glasses, 2,890,293 

Earthenware, 1,104,825 

Sugar refined, 3,250,700 

Chocolate, , 79,900 

Confectionary, 1,143,965 

P=»Per, 5,641,495 

All other of paper, playing cards, &c 511,597 

Cordage 4,078,306 

Musical instruments, 923,924 

Carriages and wagons, 10,897,887 

Products of flouring, grist and saw mills 76,545,246 

S|iips, 7,016,094 

Furniture, 7,555,405 

Houses, 41,917,401 

All other manufactures not enumerated, 34,785,353 

Total, $370,451,754 



POPULATION OF THE INDIAN TRIBES IN THE 
TERRITORY OF THE U. STATES. 



Apalachicolas 

Arickarees or Rickarees 

Arrepahaws 

Assineboines 

Black Feet 

Caddoes 

Chayennes 

Cherokees , 

Chickasaws 

Chippeways , 

Choctaws 

Comanches 

Creeks 

Crows 

Delawares 

Eutaws 

Gros Ventres 

loways 

Kanzas 

Kickapoos 



Indians 



600 Kioways l 500 

2,500 Mennomonies 4 000 

3,000 Miamies 1,000 

5,000 Minnatarees 800 

20,000 Omahas i 400 

2,000 Osages sioOO 

3,000 Otoes and Missouries 800 

21,000 Ottawas 4,000 

1,600 Pawnees 10,000 

6,000 Poncas 800 

15,000 Quapaws 450 

20,000 Sacs and Foxes 5,000 

22,000 Shawnees l',200 

6,000 Sioux 20,000 

800. Seminoles 4 000 

13,000' Senecas '350 

12,000j Weas, Peorias, Piankeshaws 

1,200 and Kaskaskias 540 

1,500 Winnebagoes 4 500 

600 Wyandots gOQ 

Eastward of the Rocky Mountains, 222 740 

Westward " " yg^ooO 



Total 300,740 



The foregoing Indian tribes all reside to the eastward of the Rocky Mountain^ • of 
the whole number about 75,000 individuals are emigrants from the east to the we"t-side 
of the Mississippi river, and a residue, perhaps 25,000 in amount, still remain in the 
l^^rZ T^Tn "^ "'^' stream The tribes resident between the Rocky Mounu nl 
and the Pacific Ocean, comprising Shoshones, Flatheads, Nezperces SpokainsTc It? 
number from 75 000 to 80,000 souls, making a total for the Indian ,Cu^ai„^'=„V^^-' 
United Slates of about 300,000, and assuming that every fifth individual is a warrior 
the number of warriors will be 60,000. u'viuuai is a warrior, 



52 



(.m) 



116 



CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



PRINCIPAL CANALS 

FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 



Maine. 
Cumberland and Oxford . 
New Hampshire. 
Union 



Amoskeag Falls 

Massachusetts. 

Middlesex 

Blackslone 

Harapsliire and Hampden.. . . 

Montague Falls 

SoutliHadley Falls 

Pavvtucket 

Connecticut. 

Farmington 

Enfield Falls '.... 

New York. 

Erie 

Champlain 

Chenango 

Black River 

Oswego 

Cayuga and Seneca 

Crooked Lake 

Genesee Valley 

Dansville Branch 

Delaware and Hudson 

Chemung 

Branch of Chemung 

Harlem 

Croton Aqueduct 

New Jersey. 

Morris 

Delaware and Raritan 

Salem 

Pennsylvania. 

Central Division 

Western Division 

Susquehanna Division. . 

>West Branch Division . . 

North Branch Division . 

Delaware Division 

Beaver Division 

Schuylkill Navigation 

Union 

Lehigh 

Lackawaxen 

Su.=quehanna 

Bald Eagle 

Coiiestoga 

Codorus 

Delavv'are. 
Chesapeake and Delaware • ■ 
Maryland. 

Chesapeake and Ohio 

Virginia. 
James River and Kanawha . 

Dismal Swamp 

Branches 

Alexandria Canal 

North Carolina. 
Weldon Canal 



From 



Near Portland. 



Boston 

Providence, R. I.. . 
Connecticut Line. 



Lowell. 



New Haven . 



Albany 

West Troy 

Utica 

Rome 

Syracuse 

Seneca Lake.. 

Pennyan 

Rochester . — 
Mount Morris. 

Eddyville 

Seneca Lake . 

Elmira 

Hudson River 
Croton River . 



Jersey City . . 
Bordentown. 
Salem Creek 



To 



Long Pond . 



Chelmsford . .. 
Worcester. . . . 
Northampton. 



Massachusetts Line.. 



Buffalo 

Whitehall.... 
Binghamton. . 

Carthage 

Oswego 

Cayuga Lake. 
Seneca Lake . 

Olean 

Dansville.. .. . 
Lackawaxen . 

Elmira 

Knoxville . .. . 
East River . .. 
New York . . . 



Columbia 

Johnstown 

Duncan's Island 

Northumberland 

Northumberland 

Bristol 

Beaver 

Philadelphia 

Reading 

Easton 

Delaware River 

Wrightsville 

VVes\ Branch Canal.. 

Lancaster 

York 



Delaware City. 

Georgetown . .. 



Richmond . . 
Deep Creek. 



Georgetown. 



Weldon . 



Easton, Pa 

New Brunswick . 
Delaware River . 



Hollidaysburg 

Pittsburg 

Northumberland. . . . 

Farrandsville 

Lackawana 

Easton 

Slienango River . . . . 

Port Carbon 

Middletown 

Stoddartsville 

Honesdale 

Havre de Grace 

Bellefonte 

Safe Harbor -. 

Susquehanna Rivei. 



Back Creek . 



Hancock . 



Buchatan. .. . 
Joyce's Creek. 



Alexandria. 



Head Roanoke Falls . 



Miles. 



m 

9 
1 

27 

45 

22 

3 

2 

n 

56 
5i 

363 
76 
97 
85 
33 
23 
7f 

n9i 
11 

83 

23 

16 

3 

40J 

lOlf 

42 

4 

172 

104i 
39 
73 

72A 

'--a 

59J 
30J 
108 
82 
84i 
25 
45 
25 
18 
11 

136 

175 
23 
11 

7i 

12 



(200) 



RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 117 



Name. 



South Carolina. 

9antee 

Winyaw 

Wateree 

Saluda 

Lockharts 

Drehr's 

Lorick 

Georgia. 
Savan., Ogeecliee, & Alatamalia 

Brunswick 

Alabama. 

Muscle Shoals Canal 

Huntsville 

LODISIANA. 

Barataria 

Lake Veiet 

Orleans Bank 

Canal Carondelet 

Ohio. 

Miami 

Mahoning 

Sandy and Beaver 

Warren Branch 

Ohio and Erie 

Columbus Branch 

Lancaster Branch 

Hocking 

Zaneaville Branch , 

Walhonding Branch 

Indiana. 

Wabash and Erie 

Whitewater 

Illinois. 
Illinois and Michigan 



From 



Cooper River < 

Kinloch Creek 

Jones's Mill 

Shoals 

Head Falls Br. Riv. 

Saluda Falls 

Broad River 



To 



Savannah. . 
Alat.imaha. 



San tee River. 
Winyaw Bay. 

Elliot's 

Granby 

To Foot 

Head of Falls. 
Head of Falls. 



Alatamalia River. 
Brunswick 



Head of Falls Florence • . 

Triana Huntsville. 



Near New Orleans. 

Lake Veret 

New Orleans 

New Orleans 



Cincinnati 

Akron 

Bolivar 

Middletown 

Portsmouth 

Columbus ... 

Lancaster 

Lancaster 

Zanesville 

Walhonding River... 



Lafayette 

Lawrenceburg. 



Chicago . 



Berwick's Bay 

La Fourche River . . 
Lake Pontchartrain 
Bayou St. John 



Defiance 

Beaver River. 
Ohio River . .. 

Lebanon 

Cleveland . . . . 

Canal 

Canal 

Athens 

Canal 

Canal 



Lake Erie. 
Brookville. 

Near Peru. 



Miles, 



22 
VI 
4 
6i 

n 
1 

16 
12 

35J 
IB 

85 
8 
4J 
2 

178 
77 
76 
20 

307 
10 
9 
50 
14 
23 

187 
30 

106 



PRINCIPAL RAILROADS 



FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 



Maine. 
Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth. 

Portland and Dover 

Bangor and Orono 

New Hampshire. 

Eastern 

Nashua and Lowell 

Boston and Maine 

Nashua and Concord 

Massachcsetts. 

Boston and Providence 

Dedham Branch 

Taunton Branch 

Taunton and New Bedford 

Eastern 

Boston and Lowell 

Boston and Portland 

Boston and Worcester 

Millbury Branch 

Western 

Norwich and Worcester 

Lowell and Nashua 

Quincy 



From 



Portsmouth, N. H. 

Portland 

Bangor 



Massachusetts Line. 

Do. do. . 

Do. do. . 
Nashua 



Boston . 



Mansfield . .. 
Taunton . . . . 

Boston 

Boston 

Wilmington. 
Boston 



Worcester 

Worcester 

Lowell 

Granite Cluarry . 

2C2 



To 



Portland 

Dover, N.H 

Orono 

Portsmouth 

Nashua 

Somersworth 

Concord 

Providence 

Dedham 

Taunton 

New Bedford 

New Hampshire Line 

Lowell. 

New Hampshire Line, 

Worcester 

Millbury 

West Stockbridge. . . . 
Connecticut Line. • . . 
New Hampshire Line. 
<iuincy Landing 

(201) 



Miles. 



48 
46 
10 

15i 

3^ 
33 

41 

2 

11 

20 

38 
26 
20 
45 

3i 

116 

20 

9 

3 



118 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 



Rhode Island. 

Providence and Stonington 

Connecticut. 

New Haven and Hartford 

Norwich and Worcester 

Housatonic 

New York. 

Saratoga and Schenectady 

Mohawk and Hudson 

Utica and Schenectady 

Syracuse and Utica 

Syracuse and Auburn 

Auburn and Rochester 

Tonawanda 

i ! Attica and Buffalo 

I : Buffalo and Niagara Falls 

Buffalo and Black Rock 

Lockport and Niagara Falls 

Rochester 

Ithaca and Owego 

Bath 

Port Kent and Keesville 

Long Island 

Harlem 

Hudson and Berkshire 

Catskill and Canajoharie 

Rensselaer and Saratoga 

New Jersey. 

Camden and Amboy 

Trenton Branch 

Jobstovvn Branch 

New Jersey 

Trenton and Brunswick 

Elizabethport and Somerville . . . 

Morris and Essex 

Paterson and Hudson 

Camden and Woodbury 

Pennsylvania. 

Columbia and Philadelphia 

Portage 

Philadelphia and Reading 

Philadelphia and Wilmington.. . 

Philadelphia and Trenton 

Philadelphia, Ger., and Norrist'n. 

Germantown Branch 

Valley 

West Chester 

Harrisburg and Lancaster 

Cumberland Valley 

Franklin 

York and Wrightsville 

Little Schuylkill 

Danville and Pottsville 

Little Schuyl. and Susquehanna.. 

Beaver Meadow Branch 

Williamsport and Elmira 

Corning and Blossburg 

Mount Carbon 

Schuylkill Valley 

Branches of Schuylkill Valley.. . 

Schuylkill 

Mill Creek 

Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven.. 

Mauch Chunk 

Branches of Mauch Chunk 

Room Run 

Beaver Meadow 

Hazelton and Lehigh 

Nesquchoning 

Lehigh and Susquehanna 



From 



Providence . 



New Haven. 
Norwich . . . . 
Bridgeport. .. 



Schenectady. 

Albany 

Schenectady. 

Utica 

Syracuse . . . . 

Auburn 

Rochester . .. 

Attica 

Buffalo 

Buffalo 

Lockport. .. . 
Rochester . . . 

Ithaca 

Bath 

Port Kent . . . 
Brooklyn. .. . 
New York. .. 

Hudson 

Catskill 

Troy 



Camden. 



Jobstown 

Jersey City. .. 

Trenton 

Elizabethport. 

Newark 

Jersey City. . . 
Camden 



Philadelphia. ., 
Hollidaysburg . 
Philadelphia.. . 
Philadelphia . . 
Philadelphia. .. 
Philadelphia... 



Norristown 

Columbia Railroad. 

Harrisburg 

Harritsburg 

Chambersburg 

York 

Port Clinton 

Pottsville 

Tamaqua 

Lindner's Gap 

Williamsport 

Blossburg. 

Mount Carbon 

Port Carbon 



Schuylkill 

Port Carbon 

Schuylkill Haven. 
Mauch Chunk. .. . 



Mauch Chunk 

Parryville 

Hazelton Mine 

Nesquehoning Mine . 
White Haven 



To 



Stonington. 



Hartford 

Worcester 

West Stockbridge. 



Saratoga 

Schenectady 

Utica 

Syracuse 

Auburn 

Rochester 

Attica 

Buffalo 

Niagara Falls 

Black Rock 

Niagara Falls 

Port Genesee 

Owego 

Crooked Lake • -. . 

Keesville 

Hicksville 

Harlem 

West Stockbridge. 

Canajoharie 

Ballston 



South Amboy.. . . 

Trenton 

Craft's Creek • . • ■ 
New Brunswick . 
New Brunswick . 

Somerville 

Morristown 

Paterson 

Woodbury 



Columbia.. . . 
Johnstown . . 
Pottsville.... 
Wilmington. 
Morrisville . . 
Norristown.. 



Columbia Railroad. 

Westchester 

Lancaster 

Chambersburg 

Williamsport 

Wrightsville 

Tamaqua 

Sunbury 

Williamsport 

Beaver Mead. R. R. 

Elmira 

Corning 

Norwegian Creek. . 
Tuscarora 



Valley 

Coal Mine 

Mine Hill Gap. 
Coal Mine 



Coal Mine 

Coal Mine 

Beaver Mead. R. R. 

Lehigh River 

Wilkesbarre 



Miles. 



47 

36 

35 

21 i 

15J 

77 

53 

2b 

80 

45 

30 

23 

3 
20 

3 
29 

5 

4i 
27 

8 
33 
78 
23A 

61 

8 

13 

34 

27 
25 
22 

9 

81 i 
361 
95 
27 
26i 
17 
4 
201 
10 
35i 
50 
30 
13 
23 
44i 
106 
12 

m 

40 

■n 

10 
15 
13 

9 
20 

9 
16 

5i 
20 

8 

5 
19J 



(202) 



RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



119 



Name. 



Carbondale and Honesdale 

Lykens Valley 

Delaware. 
New Castle and Frenchtown 

Maryland. 

Baltimore and Ohio 

Washington Branch 

Baltimore and Susquehanna. . . . 

Reistertown Branch 

Baltimore and Port Deposit 

Wilminstton and Susquehanna.. 

Annapolis and Elkridge 

Virginia. 
Richm., Fredericksb., & Potomac 

Louisa Branch 

Richmond and Petersburg 

Petersburg and Roanoke 

Portsmouth and Roanoke 

Winchester and Potomac 

Greensville 

City Point 

Chesterfield 

North Carolina. 

Wilmington and Raleigh 

Raleigh and Gaston 

Sooth Carolina. 

Sonth Carolina 

Columbia Branch , 

Georgia. 

Georgia 

Athens Branch 

Central 

Western and Atlantic 

Macon and Talbotton 

Monroe 

Florida. 

Tallahassee and Port Leon 

Alabama. 
Montgomery and West Point . . 
Tuscumbia, Courtl'd, & Decatur 

Mississippi. 

West Feliciana 

Vicksburg and Clinton 

Grand Gulf. 

Jackson and Brandon 

LoinsiANA. 

Pontchartrain 

West Feliciana 

Atchafalaya 

Alexandria and Cheneyville . . . . 
New Orleans and Carrolton 

Tennessee. 

La Grange and Memphis 

Somerviile Branch 

Highwassee 

Kentpcky. 

Le.Tington and Ohio 

Ohio. 
Mad River and Sandusky City.. . 
Ohio 

MiCBIOAN. 

Central 

Erie and Kalamazoo 

Ypsilanti and Tecumseh 

Detroit and Pontiac 

Indiana. 
Madison and Indianapolis 

Illinois. 
Meredosia and Jacksonville 



From 



Carbondale 

Broad Mountain 

Newcastle 

Baltimore 

Patapsco River 

Baltimore 

6 m. from Baltimore . 

Baltimore 

Havre de Grace 

Washington Branch . 

Richmond 

24 in. from Richmond 

Richmond 

Petersburg 

Portsmouth 

Harper's Ferry 

Near Hicksford 

Petersburg 

Coal Mines 

Wilmington 

Raleigh 

Charleston 

Branchville 

Augusta 

Georgia R. R 

Savannah 

De Kalb County . . . . . 

Macon 

Macon 

Tallahassee 

Mnntgnmery 

Tuscumbia 

Bayou Sara 

Vicksburg 

Grand Gulf 

Jackson 

New Orleans 

St. Francisville 

Point Coupee 

Alexandria 

New Orleans 

La Grange 

Moscow 

KnozviUe 

Louisville 

Tiffin 

Manhattan 

Detroit 

Toledo 

Ypsilanti 

Detroit 

Madison 

Meredosia 



To 



Honesdale 

Millersburg 

Frenchtown, Md 

Harper's Ferry 

Washington 

York, Pa 

Reistertown 

Havre de Grace 

Wilmington, Del.. . . 
Annapolis 

Potomac Creek 

Gordonsville 

Petersburg 

Weldon 

Weldon, N.C 

Winchester 

Gaston, N.C 

City Point 

Richmond 

Weldon 

Gaston 

Hamburg 

Columbia 

De Kalb County . . . . 

Athens 

Macon 

Tennessee River 

Talbotton 

Griffin 

Port Leon 

West Point 

Decatur. 

Woodville, Mp 

Jackson 

Port Gibson 

Brandon 

Lake Pontchartrain 

Woodville, Mp 

Opelousas 

Cheneyville 

Lafayette 

Memphis 

Somerviile 

West.& Allan. R.R 

Lexington 

Sandusky City 

Sandusky City 

Marshall 

Adrian 

Tecumseh 

Pontiac 

Indianapolis 

Springfield 



Miles. 

m 

l(Ji 

19 

80i 
304 
56 
8 
36 
32 
19| 

75 
49 
23 
59 
80 
32 
18 
12 
13i 

161 

85 

135| 
66 

165 

33 

193 

130 

70 
85 

22 

87 
44 

7* 
54 

u 

14 

4i 
20 
30 
30 

50 
16 



92J 

36 
40 

112 
33 

25 
25 

95 

54 



(203) 



120 



UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 



UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE U. STATES. 



1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

6 

7 
8 
9 

to 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45. 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 



Name. 



Bowdoin Brunswick, 



Place. 



Waterville* 

Dartmouth 

University of Vermont 

Middlebury 

Norwich University 

Harvard University 

Williams 

Amherst 

Brown University* 

Yale 

Washington! 

Wesleyan University^ 

Columbia! 

Union 

Hamilton 

Hamilton Lit. and Theol.* 

Geneva! 

University of New York 

College of New Jersey 

Rutgers 

University of Pennsylvania. . . 

DickinaonI 

Jefferson 

Washington 

Alleghany I 

Pennsylvania 

Lafayette 

Marshall 

Newark 

St. Johns 

St. Mary's§ 

Mount St. Mary's§ 

Georgetown§ 

Columbian* 

William and Mary! 

HampdenSidney 

Washington 

University of Virginia 

Randolph-Maconf 

Emory and Henry! 

Rector* 

University of North Carolina. . 

Davidson 

Wake Forest* 

Charleston* Charleston, 

South Carolina Columbia, 

Franklin Athens, 

Oglethorpe Midway, 

Emory! i Oxford, 

Mercer University* i Penfield, 

Christ Coll. and Ep. Inst.f Montpelier, 

University of Alabama ! Tuscaloosa, 

La Grange! La Grange, 

Spring Hill§ Spring Hill, 

Centenary! Brandon Springs, Miss. 

Oakland Oakland, do. 

Louisiana Jackson, La. 

Jefferson Bringiers, do. 

St. Charles§ Grand Co tea u, do. 



Waterville 

Hanover, 

Burlington, 

Middlebury, 

Norwich, 

Cambridge, 

Williamstown, 

Amherst, 

Providence, 

New Haven, 

Hartford, 

Middletown, 

New York, 

Schenectady, 

Clinton, 

Hamilton, 

Geneva, 

New York, 

Princeton, 

New Brunswick, 

Philadelphia, 

Carlisle, 

Canonsburg, 

Washington, 

Meadville, 

Gettysburg, 

Easton, 

Mercersburg, 

Newark, 

Annapolis, 

Baltimore, 

Enimetsburg, 

Georgetown, 

Washington, 

Williamsburg, 

Prince Ed. Co., 

Lexington, 

Charlottesville, 

Boydton, 

Glade Spring, 

Prunty Town, 

Chapel Hill, 

Mecklenburg Co., 

Wake Forest, 



Me. 
do. 
N. H. 

Vt. 

do. 

do. 
Mass. 

do. 

do. 
R.I. 
Con. 

do. 

do. 
N. Y. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
N.J. 

do. 
Penn. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Del. 
Md. 

do. 

do. 
DC. 

do. 

Va. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
N.C. 

do. 

do. 

S. C. 

do. 

Ga. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Ala. 

do. 

do. 



Stu- 
dents. 



190 

75 

331 

101 

53 

40 

245 

144 

142 

175 

410 

80 

133 

120 

258 

94 

74 

64 

135 

207 

82 

111 

109 

164 

76 

100 

76 

154 

49 

100 

27 

160 

130 

167 

25 

98 

65 

136 

170 

98 

143 

50 

169 

44 

24 

.50 

150 

116 

31 

70 

35 

82 

100 

70 

no 

160 

109 

122 

70 



Vols, in 

College 
JLibraries- 

21,950 
7,200 

16,500 
9,200 
7,054 

53,000 

7,500 

15,000 

14,000 

32,200 

G,.500 

10,700 

14,000 

13,000 

9,000 

4,600 

5,400 

14,500 
12,000 
5,000 
10,600 
4,500 
3,300 
8,000 
2,270 
1,350 

3,500 
4,000 

12,000 
3,500 

22,000 
4,200 
5,000 
8,000 
2,700 

16,000 

1,000 

10,000 

1,150 

4,700 

3,000 

13,000 

11,000 



6,000 
1,200 
4,000 



1,850 
5,500 



Founded. 



1794 
1820 
1769 
1791 
1800 
1834 
1638 
1703 
1821 
1764 
1700 
1824 
1831 
1754 
1795 
1812 
1819 
1823 
1831 
1746 
1770 
1755 
3783 
1802 
1800 
1815 
1832 
1832 
1836 
1833 
1784 
1799 
1830 
1789 
1821 
1693 
1783 
1812 
1819 
1832 
1839 
1839 
1789 
1838 
1838 
1795 
1804 
17a5 
1836 
1837 

1839 

1828 

ia3i 
ia30 

1841 
1831 
1825 
1831 



Remarks. 
The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the Baptists 
palians; thus (!) Metkodists; thus (§) Catholics. 



thus (!) Episio- 



(204) 



UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, SECTS. 



121 



61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

7J 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 



Name. 



Baton Rouge Baton Rouge, La. 

Franklin Opelousas, do. 

Greenville Greenville, Tenn. 

Washington Washington Co., do. 

University of Nashville Nashville, do. 

East Tennessee Knoxville, do. 

Jackson Near Columbia, do. 

Transylvania Lexington, Ken. 

St. Joseph's^ Bardstovvn, do. 

Centre Danville, do. 

Jiugustal Augusta, do. 

Cumberland Princeton. do. 

Georgetown* Georgetown, do. 

Bacon Harrodsburg, do. 

St. Mary's§ Marion Co., do. 

University of Ohio Athens, Ohio. 

Miami University O.xford, do. 

Franklin New Athens, do. 

Western Reserve Ravenna, do. 

Kenyonf Gambler, do. 

Granville* Granville, do. 

Marietta Marietta, do. 

Oberlin Institute Oberlin, do. 

Cincinnati Cincinnati, do. 

Woodward Cincinnati, do. 

St. Xavier College§ Cincinnati, do. 

Indiana Bloomington, Ind. 

St. Gabriel's College§ Vincennes, do. 

South Hanover South Hanover, do. 

Wabash Crawfordsville, do. 

Ind. Asbury University J do. 

Illinois Jacksonville, III. 

Shurtleff* Upper Alton, do. 

McKendreel Lebanon, do. 

McDonough Macomb, do. 

University of St. LouisJ St. Louis, Mo. 

Kemper College! St. Louis, do, 

St. Mary'sg Barrens, do. 

Marion Marion, do. 

Missouri University Columbia, do. 

St. CharlesI ' St. Charles, do. 

Fayette i Fayette, do. 

Michigan University i Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Marshall Marshall, do. 

St. Philip's? I Near Detroit, do. 



Phce. 



Stu- 
dents. 



45 

70 

41 

43 

104 

6G 

100 

105 

69 

66 

75 

49 

108 

203 

110 

16G 

139 

61 

64 

55 

12 

50 

70 

84 

20 

200 

59 

120 
100 
70 
42 
43 
47 

160 
104 

45 

B5 
75 
(210 
62 
30 



Voh. in 
College 
Libraries. 

300 

3,000 
1,000 
9,200 
3,307 
1,250 
12,242 
7,000 
2,000 
2,500 
1,050 
1,200 
1.200 
4,000 
2,500 
4,352 
1,900 
4,200 
8,720 
3,000 
3,500 



800 
6,000 
1,765 



2,000 

2.000 
1,000 



7,900 
6,400 
2,500 



in 5 br. 
3,700 
3,000 



Founded. I 



1838 
1839 
1794 
1794 
1806 
1807 
1830 
1798 
1819 
1822 
1825 
1825 
1829 
1836 
1837 
1821 
1809 
1825 
1826 
1826 
1832 
1832 
1834 
1819 

1831 
1827 

1829 
1833 
1839 
1829 
1836 
1834 
1837 
1829 

1830 
1831 
1840 
1839 

1837 

1839 



PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS 
' IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Denominations. 



Baptists - - - . 

" Freewill - 
" Seventh-Day - 
*' Six-Principle - 

Methodists - . . - 
'* Protestant - 

Presbyterians - - - 

" Cumberl'nd 

" Associate - 

" Refornied 

" Asso Ret'd, 

Congregationalisls - 

Catholics - - - - . 

Gpiscopalians - - 



Minis- 
ters. 



4,239 

612 

46 

10 

2,764 

400 

2,2 -'5 

450 

S7 

20 

116 

1,1. W 

389 

849 



Chur'B 
orCon- 
Sreg'ns 



b,319 

753 

42 

16 



2 807 
500 
183 
40 
214 

1,300 
443 
850 



Members 
or Com- 
municants 



45^,000 ) 
33,876 f 
4,503 ( 
2.117 ) 
650,103 ) 
50,000 
274,0?4 ^ 
50,000 I 
16.000 ^ 
3,000 .' , 
I2OO0J I 
ICO.OCO 1 1,400,000 

I 80;),ooo 

I 600,000 



Popula- 
tion. 



4,300,000 



3,000,000 



2,175,C0O 



Denominations. 



Universalists- - - . 
I.ulherans .... 
Dutch Reformed - - 
Christi.ins .... 
German Reformed - - 
Unitarians - . . . 
" Mennonites • 
Friends ..... 

I'unkers 

Jews ... ... 

Moravians or Un. Brefn, 
Mormons -.--.. 

Shakers - 

New Jerusalem Church ■ 



Minis- 
ters. 



317 

267 
192 
800 
180 
174 



40 



Chur's 


Members 


orCon- 


or Com- 


ercai'ns 


munic'ts. 


653 




7.-;o 


62,226 


197 


22,515 


1,000 


150,000 


6.0 


30,000 


200 




200 


30,000 


500 




40 


3,000 


24 


5,745 




12,000 


15 


6.000 


27 





Popula- 
tion. 

a 10,000 

540,000 

450 000 

300,000 

250,009 

180.000' 

120,000 

100,000 

30,000 

15,000 

12,000 

12,000 

6,000 

5,008 



.i7''15'"'k-%''*^'"™'' of the number of churches, ministers, and members of the several denominations, have been ! 
derived chiefly from recent official documents published by the different denominations : but the last column conUins 
rather a va?ue estimate, which has appeared in various publications, of the total number of people « ho are attache* , [ 
to, or ihoiv a preference for, the several different religious persuasions. 



(205) 



122 



THEOLOGICAL AND LAW SCHOOLS. 



THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 



Name. 



Bangor Theol. Seminary . . 

Thomaston Theol. Inst 

Gilmanton Theol. Sem. . . . 

Theolngical Seminary 

Divinity School, Harv. Univ. 

Theological Institution 

Theol. Dep. Yale Collefje 

Theol. Inst, of Connecticut. . 

Theol. Inst. Epis. Church 

Union Theol. Seminary 

Theol. Sem. of Auhurn 

Hamilton Lit. and Th. Inst.. 

Hartwick Seminary 

Theol. Sera. As. Ref. Ch 

Th. Sem. Dutch Ref Ch 

Theol. Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S 

Sem. Luth. Ch. U. States 

German Reformed 

West. Theol. Seminary 

Theological School 

Theological Seminary 

Epis. Theol. School of Va. . . 

Union Theol. Seminary 

Virginia Baptist Seminary. . 
Southern Theol. Seminary.. . 

Theological Seminary 

Furman Theol. Seminary . . . 
Lit. and Theol. Seminary .. . 

j South West Theol. Sem 

Lane Seminary 

iTheol. Dep. Ken. College — 
|Theol. Dep. Wes. Res. Col.. . 

iTheological School 

iGranville Theol. Dep 

Oberlin Theol. Dep 

Indiana Theol. Seminary.. . . 

Alton Theol. Seminary 

Carlinville Theol. Sera 

Theol. Dep. Marion Col 



Place. 



Denomina- 
tion. 



Bangor, Me 

Thomaston, do 
Gilmanton, N.H 
Andover, Mass. 
Cambridge, do 
Newton, do. 

N. Haven, Ct 
E. Windsor, do 
N. York, N. Y. 

do. 
Auburn, 
Hamilton, 
Hartwick, 
Newburgh, 
IV. Br'wick, 
Princeton, 
Gettysburg 
York, 
Allegheny T. do. 
Canonsburg, do. 
Pittsburg, do. 
Fairfax€o. 
Pr. Ed. Co. 
Richmond, 
Columbia, 
Lexington, 
High Hills, 
Eaton, 
Maryville, 



Cong 

Baptist .... 

Cong 

Cong 

Cong. Unit. 
Baptist 



Com. 

opera 
tion. 



do. 
do. 
do. 
do 
do. 
N.J. 
do. 
Pa. 
do. 



Va 

do. 

do 
S.C. 

do. 

do. 

Ga. 
Ten. 



'Cincinnati, Ohio 

Gambler, 

Hudson, 

Columbus, 

Granville, 

Oberlin, 

S. Hanover, 

Upper Alton 

Carlinville 



do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
In, 
II 
do 



N. Palmyra, Mo 



Cong, 

Cong 

Prot. Epis.. . 

Presbyt 

Presbyt 

Baptist 

Lutheran . ., 
Ass, Ref Ch 
Dutch Ref. 

Presbyt 

Evan?. L.. . , 
G. Ref Ch.. 

Presbyt 

Asso. Ch — 
Asso. Ref. ., 
Prot. Epis. . 
Presbyt. ... 
Baptist .... 
Presbyt. ... 
Lutheran . . 
Baptist .... 
Baptist . .. . 
Presbyt. .. . 
Presbyt. . . . 
Prot. Epis.. 

Presbyt 

Lutheran . . 
Baptist . . . . 
Presbyt- . . . 
Presbyt. .. . 

Baptist 

Presbyt 

Presbyt. .. 



1816 
1837 
1835 
1808 
1816 
18i") 
1822 
1834 
1817 
1836 
1821 
1820 
1816 
1836 
178-1 
1812 
1826 
1825 
1828 

1828 
1822 
1824 
J 832 
1831 
1835 

1834 

1821 
1829 

1828 



1832 
1834 

1835 

1838 



3 "^ 
ZOO 



43 

23 
26 

129 
20 
33 
61 
29 
74 

105 
71 
37 
3 
II 
36 

no 

26 
20 
20 
22 
J9 
43 
20 
67 
16 
10 
30 
10 
24 
61 
10 
14 

8 
58 
10 



139 

21 
785 
194 
137 
366 

37 
186 

344 

124 



179 
753 
130 

182 
47 

126 
175 

82 
20 
30 

90 
43 



Vols, in 
Library, 



7,000 

500 

2,200 

17,500 
1,800 
4,000 
200 
4,000 
7,260 

12,000 
5,000 
3,250 
1,000 
4,000 

7,000 
7,000 

6,000 
1,600 

4,000 
4,000 
1,000 
4,000 
1,800 
1,000 

6,000 
10,300 



500 



1 



700 



LAW SCHOOLS. 



Place. 



Cambridge, Mass... 
New Haven, Conn. 
New York City. . . . 

Carlisle, Pa 

Williamsburg, Va.. 
Charlottesville, Va. 

Raleigh, N.C 

Mockville, N. C 

Lexington, Ky 

Cincinnati, Ohio. .. 



Name. 



Harvard University 

Yale College 

Law Department, N. Y. Univ. 

Dicki nson College 

William and Mary College- ... 
University of Virginia 



Prof. 



3 
I 

1 
1 

2 

: 1 

Transylvania University ! 3 

Cincinnati College I 3 



115 
31 

19 
32 

72 

R 

7 

75 

25 



Students. 



Schools for the study of law are much less frequented than schools for the study of the 
other professions. The first institution of this nature, of much note, that was established 
Ijn the United States, was the Law School at Litchfield, in Connecticut, which had from 
'l798 to 1827, 730 students; but it is now discontinued. 

'" . (206) 



MEDICAL SCHOOLS, &c. 



123 



MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 



Name. 



Maine Medical School.. . 
N. H. Medical Scliool. .. . 
Vt. Acad, of Medicine. . . 

Vt. Medical Scliool 

Med. School Harv. Univ. 
Berkshire !VIed. School.. . 
Med. Institut. Yale Coll.. 
Coll. l'hy.s. & Surg. N. Y. 
Med. Instil. Geneva Coll. 
Med. Faculty Univ N.Y. 
Alhany Medical College.. 
Med. Dep. Univ. Penii.. . 
JefTtTsoii Med. College.. . 
Med. Dep. Penn. Coll. .. . 
Med. School Univ. Md... 
Washington Med. Coll.. . 
Med. School Colum. Coll. 
Med. School Univ. Va . . . 
Med. Dep. Ham. Sid. Col. 
Med. Coll. State of S.C 

Med. Coll. of Georgia 

Med. Coll. of Louisiana.. 
Med. Dep. Traiisyl. Univ. 
Louisville Med. Instit. . . 
Medical College of Ohio. 
Med. Dep. of Kemp. Col.. 
Med. Col. St. Louis Univ. 
Willoughby Med. Coll... 



Place. 



Brunswick 

Hanover 

Castleton 

Woodstock . . 
Cambridge.. .. 

Pittsfield 

New Haven . . 
Nevi' York. ... 

Geneva 

New York 

Albany 

Philadelphia.. 

Do. 

Do. 
Baltimore 

Do. 
Washington . .. 
Charlottesvfile 

Richmond 

Charleston 

Augusta 

New Orleans.. 

Lexington 

Louisville .... 
Cincinnati.. . . 
St. Louis, Mo. 

Do. 
Willoughby.. . 



Foun- 
ded. 


Prof. 


Stu. 


Grad- 
uates. 


If 20 


4 


GO 


404 


1797 


6 


8U 


577 


1818 


6 


70 


514 


1835 


5 


7G 


IGG 


1782 


G 


8G 


547 


1823 


5 


103 


473 


1810 


G 


47 


782 


1807 


7 


lOS) 


71i9 


1835 


6 


150 


53 


1837 


6 


239 




1839 


8 


101 


13 


17t)5 


7 


3G3 


3,320* 


1824 


7 


20!) 


7U4 


1839 


6 


GO 




1807 


6 


G5 


1109 


1827 


6 


60 




1825 


6 


40 


81 


1825 


3 


45 




1838 


6 


50 


14 


1833 


8 


158 




1830 


7 


115 


124 


1835 


7 


30 




1818 


7 


271 


1,112 


1837 


6 


2G2 


53 


1819 


8 


130 


331 


1841 


i 






1836 


5 


200 




1834 


5 




57 



Lectures commence. ' 

February 15th. ' . 

1st or 2d Thurs. Aug. | 
2d Thurs. in March. ' 
2d Thurs. in March. 1 
1st Wed. in Nov. 
1st Thurs. in Sept, I 
6 weeks 3d Wed Aug. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Tuesday in Oct. 
last Monday in Oct. , 
1st Tuesday in Oct. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
October 31st. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Oct. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
2d Monday in Nov. 
2d Monday in Nov. 
3d Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov. 
1st Monday in Nov, 
1st Monday in Nov. 
last Monday in Oct. 



* From 1791 to 1838, inclusive. 



RATES OF POSTAGE. 

Synopsis of the Law passed by Congress, 1845, regulating the 
Postage of Letters, Pamphlets, Newspapers, ^c. 



POSTAGE. 

On and after July 1, 184.5, on a letter note.xceeding half an ounce in wreight, sent an/ distance 
not exceeding three hundred miles, five cents. 
When sent any distance over three hundred miles, ten cents. 

For every additiunal weight of h^df an ounce or any fraclional excess of less than half an ounce, 
there shall be charsed an additional postage of live or ten cents, according to the distance. 
On letters dropped in the post-office for delivery in the same place, two cents each. 
On letiers advertised as remaining on hand there shall be charged, when delivered out, besides 
the regular postage, the cost of advertising, which will be on each letter two cents, or four cents 
if advertised in two papers. . , 

What is subject to letter p<istagn is di-finc<l to be lellers in manuscript or paper of any kind 
conveyed in the mail by or upon whii-h information shall be asked for or communicated in wilting, 
or by marks or signs. 

On nil circulars, handbills, or adverlisements, which are printed or lithographed on quarlo-post 
or single cap-pap^r, or paper not larger than single cap, and which are folded and directed, but 
left unsealed, two cents on each .-lioit for any distance. When sealed, these are to be rated ;\9 
letters. 

" Quarto-post" is the size usually called letter-paper, say about ten to eight inches to the page ; 
"single cap" is the size commimly railed Writing-I'aper, say thirteen by eight inches to the pas?. 
Where the circular is on a sheet larger than single cap. it is to be rated as a pamphlet. As the 
postage on these articles is chargeaiile on each dipt/, postmasters will carefully examine all pack- 
ets, and rate the postage accordingly. . r 1 

On all pamphlets, magazines, periodicals, and every other kind and description of printed or 
olhar matter (except newspapers, and except, also, circulars, handbills and advertisements, as 
aforesaid), which shall he unconnected with any manuscript communication whatever, two and 
a half cents for every cypy of no greater weight llian one ounce, for any distance. 1 or evry 



53 



(2.>-' 



124 



RATES OF POSTAGE. 



additional ounce, one cent ; any fractional excess exceeding half an ounce, to be charged as an 
ounce ; but any excess less than half an ounce is not to be regarded. 

A pamphlet is a small, unbound, printed book. A magazine is a pamphlet published periodi- 
cally, in numbers, conlaiuing articles on science, literature, politics, news, &c. 

Newspapers go free for any distance not exceeding thirty miles from the place where printed, 
when sent by the editors or publishers thereof; if they do not exceed nineteen hundred superficial 
inches in extent. For any distance beyond thirty miles, within the State where published, one 
cent postage. For any distance exceeding one hundred miles out of the State where published, 
one iind a half cents postage. 

When a newspaper exceeds nineteen hundred superficial inches, it is to be rated with pamphlet 
postage. ' 

When the article to be mailed is a circular, pamphlet or newspaper, it should be so enveloped 
or folded that it can he distinctly seen at the office to be such, and also that it contain no writing, 
marks, or signs to serve the purpose of written communications. If not done up so as to open at 
the end, it is to be charged as a letter, by weight. 

FREE PAPERS. 

The Governors of States may send, free of postage, all laws and reports, whether bound or un- 
bound ; and all records and documents of their respective Stales which may be directed by the 
Legislature of theaeveral States to be transmitted to the Executive of other States, the Governor 
writine his name thereon, with the designation of his oflice and the kind of books or documcnis 
enclosed ; the package to be addressed to the Governor of the State to which it is to be sent. 

The three Assistant Postmasters-General are authorized to send, free of postage, any letters, 
packages, or other matters relating exclusivelu to their nfficial duties, or the business of the 
rost-office Department, to be duly franked by them as on " official business." 

Deputy postmasters throughout the United States are also authorized to send all letters and 
packages which it may be their duty, or they may have occasion to transmit to any person or 
place, which shall relate exclusively to the business of their respective offices or to the busiHess of 
the Host-office Department. But in every such case the postmaster shall endorse thereon, over 
his own signature, the words " Post-office business." 

Exchange newspapers between publishers of newspapers may be sont free. 

MONEY FOR PUBLISHERS. 

The authority heretofore given to postmasters to send money free of postage to publishers of 
newspapers in payment of subscriptions being withdrawn, the following resrulation is substituted : 

Money may he left with a postmaster, in no instance e.TCeeding ten dollars, for the purpose of 
being paid to distant publishers, if said publishers shall so desire, for any newspaper or pamphlet 
deliverable from his office. The postmaster may retain one per cent, and give his receipt for the 
balance. He is immediately to report the payment, with the names of the parlies, to the post- 
master through whom said amount is to be paid to the publisher, anri to charge himself upon his 
" general account with the United Slates," with the amount received, deduciing the one per cent, 
under the head of "moneys received for subscriptions," stating the name of the payer, the name 
of the payee, office where payable, amount, and time when received ; and shall make a full and 
faithful return to the General Pi!St-office of all such cases at the end of each quarter. When 
presented, the postmaster af the office where paj'able is to pay the amount in said receipt, de- 
ducting one per cent.; which receipt, afier being endorsed by the publisher, he will forward as 
his voucher of payment. He will enter said amount to his credit on his "general account with 
the United Stales." under the head of " moneys paid for stiliscripliiins," giving the prirliculars 
above stated, and tender to the General Fost-officc a full and faithful account of the same at the 
end of each month. 

WHAT MAY BE MAILED. 

No packet shall weigh more than three pounds. Bound books of any size are not inclnded in 
the term " mailable matter," except books sent by Governors of Slates as aforesaid. 

ADVERTISED LETTERS. 

Letters uncalled for are to he advertised in the paper of the town where the office adveriising 
may be situated having the largest circulation, providing it c;in be done at a cost not e.vceeding 
two cents on each letter. Letters are not to be advertised in more than one paper, unless spe- 
cially directed by the Postmaster-General. 

PRIVATE EXPRESSES. 

The establishment of private expresses for the conveyance of any letters, packets or vnrkneei, 
of letters, or other matter Iransmitable in the United States mail, (newspapers, pamphlets, iiraiia- 
zines, and periodicals excepted,) from one city, town, or other place, to any other ciiy, town or 
place in the United States, between, and from and lo which the United States mail is regularly 
transported under authority of the Post-office Department, is pmhibited. So is the causing to bo 
conveyed, or the providing for the conveyance or Iransportalion, by regular trips or at stated 
periods or intervals, as aforesaid, any letters or other matters transmitable by mail as aforesaid, 
newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals only excepted. 

Every person offending against this provision, or aiding or assisting therein, or acting as such 
private express, shall forfeit and pay $150 for e;ich time .my letter or letters, packet or packages, 
or other matter properly iransmitable by mail, (except newspaper.?, &;c.) shall or may be by him, 
her, or them, or through his, her, or their means or instrumentality, in whole or in part, conveyed'. 

This is not to prohibit the conveyance of letters, packets or packages or other matter hy pri.- 
vate hands, no compensation being tendered or received therefor in any way, or by special mes- 
senger employed only for the single particular occasion. 



(208) 



125 
POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY, &c. 

IN THE DIFFERENT 

STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 

IN THE YEAR 1840. 



MAINE. 



'Aroostook 
Cumberland 
Fraoklio - 
Hancock - 
Kennebec 
Lincota - 
Oxford - 
Penobscot 
Piscataquis 
Somerset- 
Waldo - 
Washington 
York - 

13 Countiea 



9,413 

66,65S 
20,g01 
28,605 
65,823 
63,517 
38,351 
45,705 
13,138 
33,912 
41,609 
28,327 
54,034 



501,793 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



Cheshire - - 
Coos - . - 
Grafton - - 
Hillsborough 
Merrimack - 
Rockingham 
Strafford - • 
Sullivan - - 

8 Counties 



- 20,340 

- 9,849 

• 42,311 

- 26,429 

• 36,253 

• 45,771 

- 61,127 

• 20,340 

■ 284,574 



VERMONT. 



Addison • 
Bennington 
Caledonia 
Chittenden 
Essex - • 
Franklin - 
Grand Isle 
Lamoile • 
Orange - 
Orleans - 
Rutland - 
Washington 
Windham 
Windsor - 

14 Counties 



23,583 

16,872 
21,801 
22,977 

4,226 
24,531 

3,883 
10,475 
27,873 
13,634 
30,699 
23,506 
27,442 
40,356 



• 291,948 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



Barnstable - - 


32.548 


Berkshire - . 


41,745 


Bristol - - . 


• 60,164 


Dukes- - - . 


- 3,958 


Essex - - . - 


- 04,987 


Franklin- - - 


28,812 


Hampden - - 


37,366 


Hampshire - - 


30,897 


Middlesex - - 


106,611 


Nantucket - - 


9,012 


Norfolk - - . 


63,140 


Plymouth - - 


47,373 


Suffolk - - . 


95,773 


Worcester - - 


95,313 



14 Counties 



Providence - 
Washington 

5 Counties 



58,073 
14,324 

108,830 



CONNECTICUT. 



737,699 



RHODE ISLAND. 



Bnstol . 
Kent 
Newport - 



6,476 
I3,0tt3 
16,874 



Fairfield- - 
Hartford - - 
Litchfield - 
Middlesex • 
New Haven 
New London 
Tolland - ■ 
Windham - 

S Counties 



49,917 
55,629 
40,448 
24.879 
4S'«i9 
44;463 
17,955 
28,080 



309,978 



NEW YORK. 



Albany - 
Alleghany 
Broome - 
Cattaraugus 
Cayuga - 
Chatauque 
Chemung 
Chenango 
Clinton • 
Columbia 
Cortland - 
Delaware 
Dutchess - 
Erie - - 
Essex 
Franklin - 
Fulton . 
Genesee • 
Green© • 
Hamilton 
Herkimer 
Jefferson 
Kings - • 
Lewis- - 
Livingston 
Madison • 
Monroe - 
Montgomery 
New York 
Niagara - 
Oneida 
Onondaga 
Ontario - 
Orange • 
Orleans - 
Oswego - 
Otsego 
Putnam - 
Queens - 
Rensselaer 
Richmond 
Rockland 
Saratoga - 
Schenectady 
Schotjarie 
Seneca - 
St. Lawrence 
Steuben - 
Suffolk - 
Sullivan - 
Tioga - - 
Tompkins 
Ulster - - 



68,593 
40,975 
22,338 
28,872 
60,338 
47,975 
20,732 
40,785 
28,167 
43,252 
24,607 
35,396 
52 398 
62,465 
23,634 
16,518 
18,049 
59,587 
30,446 
1,907 
37,477 
60 9S4 
47,613 
17,830 
35,140 
40,008 
64,902 
35,818 
312,701 
31,l.'i2 
8.5,310 
67.911 
43,501 
50,739 
25,127 
43,619 
49,628 
12,825 
30,324 
60,259 
10,965 
11,975 
40,553 
17,387 
32,358 
24,874 
66,7C6 
45.138 
32469 
15,620 
20,.'i27 
37,94R 
45,822 i 



Warren - - 
Washington 
Wayne • . 
Westchester 
Yates - - . 



- 13,422 
• 41,080 

- 42,057 

- 48,686 

- 20,444 

58 Counties - 2,428,920 

NEW JERSEY. 

Atlantic • 
Bergen - 
Burlington 
Cape May 
Cumberland 
Essex ■ - 
Gloucester 
Hudson • 
Hunterdon 
Mercer • 
Middlesex 
Monmouth 
Morris - 
Passaic - 
Salem - - 
Somerset - 
Sussex 
Warren • 

IS Counliei - - 373,306 
PENNSYLVANIA. 



Adams - - 
Alleghany - 
Armstrong - 
Beaver - • 
Bedford - - 
Berks - • - 
Bradford - - 
Bucks- - - 
Butler- - - 
Cambria - - 
Centre - - 
Chester - . 
Clearfield - 
Clinton - • 
Columbia - 
Crawford 
Cumterland 
Dauphin - - 
Delaware 
Erie - - - 
Fayette - - 
Franklin - - 
Greene - • 
Huntingdon - 
Indiana - - 
Jefferson - - 
Juniata - - 
Lancaster - 
Lebanon - - 
Lehigh - - 
Luzerne - - 
Lycnming - 
M'Kean - - 
Mercer - - 
Mifiiiu - . 
Monroe - - 
Moiitgontery 
Northunibf-rlarid 
Noilhamptoii - 



23,044 
81,235 
28365 
29,368 
29.335 
64,569 
32,769 
48,107 
22,378 
11,256 
20,492 
57,516 
7.834 
8,323 
24,267 
31,724 
30,953 
30,118 
19,791 
31,344 
33,574 
37 793 
19.147 
35,484 
20,782 
7,253 
11,080 
84,203 
21,872 
25,787 
44 006 
22,649 
2,975 
32.873 
13.092 
9,879 
47,241 
20,027 
40,996 



Perry 17,096 

Philadelphia - • 258,037 

Potter 3,371 

Pike 3,832 

Schuylkill - - - 29,053 

Somerset - - - 19,660 

Susquehanna - - 21,195 

Tioga 15,498 

Union 22,787 

Venango - - - 17,900 

Warren - . . - 9,278 

Washington - - 41,279 

Wayne ... - 11,848 

Westmoreland- - 42,699 

York 47,010 

54 Counties - 1,724,033 

DELAWARE. 

Kent 19,872 

Newcastle- - - 33,120 

Sussex .... 25,093 

3 Counties - - 78,085 



MARYLAND. 



Alleghany - . 

Anne Arundel - 

Baltimore - - 

Calvert - . . 

Caroline - . - 

Carroll - . . 

Charles - . . 

Cecil - - . . 

Dorchester - - 

Frederick . . 

Harford - . . 

Kent - . . . 

Montgomery . 
Prince George's 

Queen Anne's - 

Somerset - . . 

St. Mary's • - 

Talbot . . . 

Worcester • - 

Washington - • 

20 Countiea - 



15,690 

29,532 
134,379 
9,229 
7,806 
17,ill 
16,023 
17,232 
18,843 
36,405 
17,120 
10,842 
15,456 
19,539 
12,633 
19,608 
13,224 
12,090 
18,377 
28,850 



469,232 



DIST. OF COLUMBIA. 

Alexandria - - . 9 967 

Washington . . 33,745 

2 Counties - - 43,712 



Virginia. 



Accomack - 

Albemarle - 

Alleghany . 

Amelia - - 

Amherst - - 

Augusta - - 

Bath - . - 

Bedford - . 

Berkeley - - 
Botetourt 
Braxton - 
Brooke 

Brunswick • 
Buckingham 



17,096 
22,924 

2,749 
10,320 
12,576 
19.628 

4,300 
20,203 
10,972 
11,679 

2,675 

7,948 
14,346 
18,786 



1 • 1 

126 POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY, &c. 


Cabell - - . 


. 8,163 


Spoltsylvinia • - 15,161 ' Charleston - . 


82,661 


Muscogee . . . 11.699 1 


Camiibell - - 


■ 21,030 


SiafTord • 






• 8,454 


Chester - - - 


17,747 


Newton . . 






11,628 


CaruIiDe ■ ■ . 


17,813 


Surry - - 






• 6,460 


Cliesterfield - - 


8,574 


Oglethorpe 






10,868 


Clarie - • . 


6,353 


Su-sex . 






• 11,229 


Colleton - - - 


25.548 


Paulding . 






2,556 


Charles City - 


4,794 


Tazewell 






- 6290 


Darlington - - 


14,822 


Pike - - 






9,176 

5,389 


Charlolle ■ - 


14,893 


Tyler - . 






• 6,934 


Edgefield - - 


32,852 


Pulaski - 






Cheslei field - • 


■ 17,148 


W»nen - 






• 6,627 


Fairfield - - - 


20,165 


Putnam - - 






10,260 
1,912 


Culpeper - • 


■ 11,393 


Warwick 






1,456 


Georgetown- . 


18,274 


Rabun - 






Cunibeilaad 


10,399 


Washington 




■ 13,001 


Greenville . - 


17,839 


Randolph 






8,276 
11,932 


Dinwiddle • - 


22,558 


Westmoreland 




8,019 


Horry .... 


6,765 


Richmond ■ 






Elizabeth City • 


■ .?'ISS 


Wood- - - 




• 7,923 


Kershaw .... 


12,281 


Scriven - - 






4,794 


Ebseii • - . 


■ 11,309 


Wyihe . . 




9,375 


Lancaster . - 


9,907 


Stewart - 






12,933 


Fairfai . - . 


9,370 


York . . - 




4,720 


Laurens - . * 


21,584 


Sumter - 






6,789 


Fauquier • - 
Fayelle - - - 


21.897 
3,924 


119 Counties ■ 1,239,797 


Lexington . - 
Marion - - - 


. 12,111 
13,932 


Talbot - 
Taliaferro 






16,627 
6,190 


Floyd - - - 
Fluvanua • - 
Franklin . - - 


4,453 


NORTH CAROLINA. 


Marlborough - 


8,408 


Tatnall - 






2,724 


8,812 
- 15,832 


Anson 
Ashe . . 
Beaufort ■ 
Bertie - 
Baden . 
Brunswick 
Bunconibe 
Burke- . 
Cabarra? - 
Camden - 
Carteret . 
Caswell . 
Chalham - 
Cherokee 






15,077 


Newberry - - 
Orangeburg - - 


18,350 
18,319 


Telfair - 
Thomas - 






2,763 
6,766 


Frederick - - 
Giles - . . . 
Gloucester - • 
Goochlaud • - 
GraysoD - - - 
Greene - - • 
Greenbrier - • 
Greensville • • 
Halifax - . - 
Hampshire ■ - 
Hauover . . - 
Hardy - - - 
Harrison - - • 


■ 14,242 

5.307 

10,716 

9,760 

9,087 

• 4,232 

8,693 

6,366 

25,936 

22,295 

14,968 

7,622 

17.669 






7,467 

■ 12,225 

■ 12,175 

8,022 
5,265 
10,084 
15,799 
9,259 
5,663 

■ 6,59! 
14,693 
16,212 

3,427 


Pickens . . . . 
Richland- - . 
Spartanburg- - 
Snmter - . . 
Union .... 
Williamsburg . . 
York . . . . . 

29 Districts • . 

GEORGIA 

Appling . . . 
Baker- - - . 


14,356 
16,397 
23,669 
27,892 
18,936 
10,327 
18,383 


Troup . 
Twiggs - 
Upson . - 
Union . - 
Walker . 
Walton - 
Ware- . 
Warren - 
Washiog'on 
Wayne . 
Wilkes . 
Wilkinson 






15,733 
8,422 
9,408 
3,152 
6,572 

10,209 
2,323 
9,789 

10,565 
■ 1,258 

10,148 
6,842 


694,393 

• 

2,052 
4,226 


Heurico - • • 


33,076 


Chowan - 






f'P 


Baldwin . . . 


7,250 


93 Counties 




- 691,392 


Heury - - - 


7,333 


Columbus 






3,941 


Bibb .... 


9,802 


FLORIDA 




Isle of Wight - 


9,972 


Craven - 






13,438 


Bryan .... 


3,182 






Jackson . - - 


4,890 
37,791 


Cumberland 






15,284 


Bulloch - . . 


• 3,102 
■ 13,176 


Alachua - 






2,282 


James City - • 


Currituck 






6,703 


Burke .... 


Calhoun - 






1,142 


Jefferson . - - 


14,082 


Davidson 






14.606 


Buts • . . . 


• 5,308 


Columbia 






2,102 


Kanawha • - 


13,567 


Davie - - 






7,574 


Camden ... 


• 6,073 


Dade - - 






446 


King George - 


5,927 


Duplin - 






11,182 


Campbell . . 


5.370 


Duval - . 






4,156 


King William ■ . 


9,258 


Edgecombe 






• 15,708 


Carroll - - . 


5,262 
9,390 


Escambia 






3,998 I 


King & Queen - 


10,862 


Franklin 






. 10,708 


Cas 


Franklin - 






1,030 ' 


Lancaster - - 


4,628 


Gates - -■ 






. 8,161 


Chatham - - - 


18,801 


Gadsden - 






6,992 


Lee 


8,441 


Granville 






18,817 


Chattooga - . 


3,438 


Hamilton 






1,464 


Lewis - - - . 


8,151 


Greene ■ 






. 6,595 


Cherokee - . 


5,695 


Hillsboro 






452 


Logan .... 


4,309 


Guilford . 






• 19,175 


Clarke . - • 


• 10,522 


Jackson - 






4,681 


Loudon .... 


20,431 


Halifax • 






• 16,863 


Cobb .... 


7,539 
11,356 


Jefferson - 






6,713 


Louisa .... 


15,433 


Haywood 






4,975 


Columbia . . 


Leon . . 






10,713 


Lunenburg . . . 


11,055 


Henderson 






■ S.129 


Coweta . . . 


10,364 


M.idison - 






2,644 


Madison - . . - 


8,107 


Herlford 








• 7,484 


Crawford . . 


7,981 


Monroe . 






688 


Marshall • - ■ 


6,937 


Hyde - - 








6,458 


Dade .... 


• 1,364 


Mosquito 






73 


Mason .... 


6,777 


Iredell 








15,685 


Decatur . . . 


■ 5.872 


Nassau - 






1,892 


Matthews . . - 


7,4-12 


Johnson - 








10,599 


DeKalb - . . 


- 10,467 


St. Johns - 






2,694 


Mecklenburg • - 


20,724 


Jones . 








4,945 


Do.dy- - - - 


4,427 


Wallou - - 




1,461 


Mercer - - - . 


2,233 


Lenoir 








• 7.605 


Early- - - . 


6,444 


Washington 




859 


Middlesex - • - 


4,392 


Lincoln 








25,160 


Effingham - - . 


3,075 


20 Counties 




54,477 


Monongalia • < 


17,368 


Macon 








4,869 


Elbert - - . 


11,125 




Monroe • - . 


8,422 


Martin - 






7,637 


Emanuel ... 


3,129 


ALABAMi 


\.. 


Montgomery - - 


7.405 


Mecklenburg 




18,273 


Fajetle . - - 


6,191 


Autauga - 




14,342 


Morgan . - . . 


4,253 


Montgomery 




10,780 


Floyd 


4,441 


Baldwin . 






2,951 


Nansemond • • • 


10,798 


Moore • . 




7,988 


Forsyth - • - 


5,619 


Barbour - 






12,024 


Nelson - - - 


12,287 


Nash .... 




9,047 


Fr.inklin - - - 


9,886 


Benton . 






14,260 


Neiv Kent .- - 


6,230 


New Hanover 




13,312 


Gl.\nn- - . . 


6,392 


Bibb - . 






8,284 


Micholas - - • 


2,515 


Northampton 




13,369 


Greeue - - . 


11,690 


Blount - 






5,570 


Norlolk - • • 


21,092 


Onslow . 






7,527 


Gwinnett. . . 


10.!^04 


Butler. . 






8,685 


NiTthamplon - 


7,715 


Orange - 






24,336 


Gilmer ... 


2.,336 


Chambers 






17.338 


Northuniberland 


7,924 


Pasquotank 






8,514 


Habersham . . 


7,961 


Cherokee 






8,773 


Nottoway • - 


9,719 


Perquimans 






7,346 


Hall .... 


7 875 


Clarke . 






8,640 


Ohio ■ 


13,357 


Person - 






9,790 


Hancock . . . 


9,659 


Conecuh - 






8,197 


Orange - • • 


9,125 


Pitt - - 






11,806 


Harris . - - , 


13.933 


Coosa - - 






6 993 


Page .... 


6,194 


R.indnlph 






12,875 


Heard- - - - 


6,329 


Covington 






2,435 


Patrick - . - 


8,032 


Richmond 






8,909 


Henry- - - - 


11,756 


Dale - - 






7,397 


Pendleton - • 


6,940 


Robeson - 






10,370 


Houston . . . . 


9.711 


Dallas . ■ 






25,199 


Pittsylvania - . 


26,398 


Rockingham 






13,442 


Irwin .... 


2,038 


De Kalb . 






5929 


Pocitionlas • . 


2,922 


Rowan - - 






12,109 


Jackson . . . 


■ 8,522 


Fayette - 






6 942 


Powhatan - - 


7,924 


Rutherford 






19,202 


Jasper .... 


. ILlll 


Franklin . 






14,270 


Preston - - - 


6,SC6 


Sampson - 






• 12,167 


Jefferson ... 


7,231 


Greene . . 






24 024 


I'rince Edward 


14,069 


Stokes 






16 265 


Jones .... 


10,005 


Henry - • 






6,787 


Prihce George . 


7,175 


Surry - - 






16,079 


Laurens . - - 


5,685 


Jackson . . 






15,715 


Prince William 


8,144 


Tyrrell . 






4,657 


Lee 


4,620 


Jefferson . 






7,131 


Princess Anne . • 


7,285 


Wake . . 






21,118 


Liberty . - . - 


7,241 


Lauderdale 






14,485 


Pulaski - - 


3,739 


Warren . . 






12,919 


Lincoln . . - 


5,895 


Lawrence 






13,313 


Randolph • . 


6,208 


Washington 






4,525 


Lowndes- - - - 


6,574 


Limestone 






14.374 


Rappahannoci; - 


9,257 


Wayne . 






10.891 


Lumpkin - • - 


6,671 


Lowndes • 






19,539 


Richmond - . 


5,965 


Wilkes . 






12,577 


Madison . . - - 


4,510 


Macon . 






11,247 


Roanoke • • - 
Rockb'idge - . 


6,499 
14,284 


Vancey . 
68 Counties . 




5,962 


Mackintosh - - - 
Macon . . . . 


6,380 
6,015 


Madison . 
Marengo - 






25,706 
17,264 


753.419 


Rockingham . 


17,344 




Marion . . . - 


4,812 


Marion - ■ 






5,847 


Russell . . . 


7,878 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 


Meiriwether - - 


14.132 


Marshall. . 






7.553 


Scott .... 


7 303 


Abbeville . . . 29,351 


Monroe . . . . 


16,275 


Mobile . . 






18,741 


Shenandoah . . 


11,618 


Anderson . . - 18,493 


•Montgomery - ■ 


1,616 


Montgomery 






24,574 


Smythe • . . 


6,322 


Barnwell - . - 21,471 


Morgan - . . 


9,121 


Monrce - . 






10.680 


SoulbamptoB . 


14,525 


Beaufort .... 35,794 


Murray . . . • 


4,696 ' Morgan .... 9,841 1 



(iO 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



127 



- 19,0S6 

- 17,118 

- 10,108 

- 4,973 
. 1<J,513 
. 29,937 
. 5,638 

• 6,112 

- 12,587 

• 6,444 

- 16,583 

- 4,033 
. 6,300 
. 15,278 



Perry - - - 
Pickens - - 
Pike • • ■ 
Raadolpb - 
Russell - - 
Sumter - - 
St. Clair - • 
Shelby . . 
Tall.idega - 
Tallapoosa - 
Tuscaloosa • 
Walker - . 
Washington - 
Wilcox - - 

49 Counties • • 690,756 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Adams . - . - 19,434 

Amite 9,511 

Allala 4,303 

Bolivar .... 1,356 

CarrU .... 10,481 

Chickasaw - - . 2,955 

Choctaw .... 6,010 

Claibi.roe - • . 13,078 

Clarke .... 2,986 

Copiah .... 8,954 

Covington . . . 2,717 

De Soto .... 7,002 

Franklin. . . . 4,775 

Greene .... 1,636 

Hancock .... 3,367 

Hinds 19,098 

Holmes .... 9,452 

liavvamba . . - 5,375 

Jackson .... 1,965 

Jasper 3,958 

JeBerson .... J 1,650 

Jones 1,258 

Kemper .... 7,663 

Koahoma • . 1,290 

Lafayette ■ . . 6,531 

Lauderdale - - . 6,358 

Lawrence ... 5,920 

Leake .... 2,162 

Lowndes- • . . 14,513 

Madison .... 16,530 

Marion - . . . 3,830 

Marshall- - . . I7,K6 

Monroe - . . . 9,250 

Nashoba . - . . 2,437 

Newton .... 2,627 

Noiabee .... 9,975 

Oktibbeha - ■ - 4,276 

Perry 1,899 

Pike 6,151 

Ponola .... 4,657 

Pontotoc .... 4,491 

Rankin .... 4,631 

Scott 1,653 

Simpson .... 3,380 

Smith ..... 1,961 

Tallahatchie . - 2,985 

Tippah .... 9,441 

Tishomingo . - 6,661 

Tunica .... 821 

Warren .... 15,820 

Washington. . . 7,287 

Wayne .... 2,120 

Wilkinson - . . 14,193 

Wioslon .... 4,650 

Talabusba . . . 12,248 

Yazoo 10,480 

SeCounlies . . 375,651 
LOUISIANA- 
Ascension . . . 6,951 

Assumption ... 7,141 

Avoyelles . . . 6 616 

Baton Rouge . . 2,269 

Caddo 5,282 



Calcasiu ' 

Caldwell- . . . 

Carroll - . - - 

Catahoola • . . 

Claiborne . . . 

Concordia . . . 
Eaai Baton Rouge . 

East Feliciana . . 

Iberville . . . . 

Jefferson . . . . 

Lafourche Int'r. . 



2,057 
2,017 
4,237 
4,955 
6,185 
9,414 
8,138 

I l,S93 
4,495 

10,470 
7,303 



Lafayette . . . 

Livingston . . . 
Madison - . . . 
Natchitoches - ■ 
New Orle.ins - ■ 
Plaquemines 
Point Coupee - 
Rapides ... 
St. Bernard - . 
St Charle# . . 
St. Helena - . 
St. John Baptist 
St. James - . - 
St. Landry • • 
St. Martin's - - 
St. Mary's - - 
St. Tammany . 
Terre Bonne . 
Union .... 
Washita . . . 
Washington - . 
W. Baton Rouge 
W. Feliciana . 
39 Parishes . 
OHIO. 
Adams . - . 
Allen .... 
Ashtabula . - 
Athens ... 
Belmont ... 
Brown ... 
Butler- - - - 
Carroll - • - 
Champaign . • 
Clark .... 
Clermont - . 
Clinton ... 
Columbiana* . 
Coshocton . . 

Crawford • - 

Cuyahoga - . 
Darke. . - . 

Delaware . . 

Erie .... 

Fairfield • - ■ 

Fayette - . ■ 

Franklin - - - 
Gallia. - . . 

Geauga • - . 

Greene . . - 

Guernsey - . 

Hamilton . . 

Hancock • . . 

Hardin . . . 

Harrison . . . 

Henry- - • - 

Highland- - . 

Hocking - - . 

Holmes - . . 

Huron- - . . 

Jackson - - * 

Jefferson ... 

Knox . - . . 

Lake .... 

Lawrence - - 

Licking . - . 

Lorain - - - 

Logan. - . - 

Luca^ . . . - 

Madison - - . 

Marion . . . 

Medina . . - 

Meigs . . . • 

Mercer . - - 

Miami . . . 

Monroe - . . 

Montgomery . 

Morgan . . . 

Muskingum . . 

Ottawa . . . 

Paulding- . . 

Perry . . - - 

Pickaway . - 

Pike . . . . 

Portage . . . 

Preble. . . . 

Putnam . . - 

Richland. . . 

Ross . . . . 

Sandusky . . 

Scioto . . . . 



7,841 
2,315 
5,142 
4,350 
102.192 
5,062 
7,890 
14,138 

• 3,237 

• 4,700 

■ 3,525 

• 5,776 
. 8,548 

■ 16,233 

8,676 

• 8,950 
. 4,593 

4,410 
. 1,838 
. 4.660 
. 2,669 
. 4,638 
. 10,910 

. 352;4ri 



13,183 
9,079 
23,724 
19,109 
30,901 
22,715 
2S,173 
18,10s 
16,721 
16,862 
23,106 
16,719 
40,378 
21,590 
13,152 
26,!i06 
13,282 
22,060 
12,599 
31,924 
10,984 
25,049 
13,444 
16,297 
17,528 
27,748 
80,148 
9,986 
4,598 
20,099 
2,503 
22,269 
9,741 

■ I8,0f<8 
23,933 

• 9,744 
25,030 

■ 29,579 
' 13,719 

9,738 

35,096 

18,467 

14.015 

' 9,382 

■ 9,025 

■ 14,765 

• 18,352 
. 11,452 

■ 8,277 

■ 19,688 
. 18,521 
. 31,938 
. 20,N52 

■ 38,749 

2,M8 
1,034 
19,344 

• 19,725 

• 7,626 

■ 22,965 

• 19,482 

5,189 

• 44,532 
. 27,462 

■ 10,182 
' 11,192 



Seneca . - 

Shelby . . 

Stark . . . 

Sumnnt - .. 

Trumbull - 

Tuscarawas - 

Union - - . 

Van Wert . 

Warren . . 
Washington. 

Wayne . . 
Williams 

Wood- . . 



18,128 

12,154 

34 603 

22,560 

38,107 

25,631 

8,422 

1,577 

23,141 

20,823 

35,S0S 

4,465 

5,357 



79 Counliei 



1,519,467 



KENTUCKY. 



Rockcastle 

Russell . 
Spencer . 
Scott . . 
Shelby . 
Simpson 



3,400 
4,238 
6,688 
13,688 
17,768 
6,537 



Todd 9,991 

Trigg 7,716 



Trimble . - 

Union . . 

Warren - - 

Washington • 

Wayne - - 

Whitley - - 

Woodford - 



Adair - . . - 
Allen . . . . 
Anderson . . 
Barren . . ■ 
Bath . . . . 
Boone . . . . 
Bourbon - - ■ 
Bracken - . . 
Brtalhitt - - . 
Breckenridge - 
Bullitt - . . 
Bmler . - . 
Caldwell. . ■ 
Callaway . • 
Campbell . 
Carroll . . 
Carter . . 
Casey . . - 
Christian- - 
Clarke - . 
Clay ... 
Clinton . . 
Cumberland . 
Daviess . . 
Edmonson . 
Esiill . . . 
Fayette . - 
Fleming . - 
Floyd . - . 
Franklin . . 
Gallatin . . 
Garrard . . 
Gant- - . 
Grajson - - 
Graves . - 
Greene - . 
Greenup . . 
Hancock . . 
Hardin . . 
Harlan . . 
Harrison . . 
Hart . . . 
Hendenon . 
Henry ... 
Hickman* . 
Hopkins . . 
JeHerson . . 
Jessamine 
Kenton . . 
Knox * * . 
Laurel * • 
Lawrence * 
Lewis. . . 
Lincoln • • 
Livingston • 
Logan - . 
M;icracken - 
Madison - . 
Marion . . 
Mason . . 
Meade . . 
Morgan - . 
Mercer . • 
Monroe • . 
Montgomery 
Muhlenburgh 
Nelson * * 
Nicholas • - 
Ohio . . - 
Oldham - - 
Owen - - - 
Pendleton 
Perry . . - 
Pike . . . 
Pulaski . . 



* 8,466 

* 7,3.;9 

* 6,452 

* 17.288 

- 9,763 
. 10,034 
. 14,478 
. 7,053 
. 2.195 

- 8,944 

* 6,344 
. 3,898 

* 10,365 

- 9,794 

* 6,214 

* 3,966 

* 2,905 

- 4,939 

* 15,587 
. 10,802 

- 4,607 

* 3,863 

* 6,090 

* 8,331 

- 2,914 

* 6,535 

* 22,194 

* 13268 

* 6,302 

* 9,420 

* 4,003 

- 10,480 

* 4,192 

- 4,461 

- 7,465 
. 14,212 
. 6,297 
. 2,581 
. 16,357 
. 3,115 
. 12,472 
. 7,031 
. 9,548 

- 10,115 

* 8,968 
*. 9,170 
. '36.346 
. 9,391 

* 7,816 
. 6,722 

* 3,079 

* 4,730 

- 6,306 

* 10,187 
. 9,0ii 
. 13,615 
. 4,745 
. 16 385 
. 11,032 
. 15,719 
. 6,786 

- 4.603 
. 18,720 

* 6,526 

* 9,332 

- 6.964 

* 13,637 

- 8,745 

- 6,592 

- 7,380 

* 8,232 
. 4,455 
. 3.0S0 

* 3.567 

* 9,620 



4,480 
0,673 
15,446 
10,596 
7,399 
4,673 
11,740 



90 Counties 


- -779,628 


TENNESSEE. 


Anderson - * 


- - 6,688 


Bedford - . 


- - 20,546 


Benton . . 


- * 4,772 


Bledsoe . . 


* - 5,676 


Blount . ■ 


. * 11,745 


Bradley . * 


. . 7,385 


Campbell - 


. . 6,149 


Cannon * - 


* * 7,193 


Carroll - - 


* * 12,362 


Carter - - 


* * 6,372 


Claihorne - 


• . 9,474 


Cocke * - 


. . 6,992 


Coffee - - 


- - 8,184 


Davidson- - 


- - 30,609 


DeKalb * . 


- . 6,868 


Dickson . - 


* • 7,074 


Dyer - - . 


* * 4,484 


Fayette . . 


* . 21,601 


Fentress . . 


• . 3,650 


Franklin - . 


. . 12,033 


Gibson . . 


. . 13,689 


Giles . . . 


. - 21,494 


Grainger . . 


- - 10,572 


Greene . . 


. . 16,076 


Hamilton 


. . 8,175 


Hardiman . 


- . 14.563 


Hardin . - 


. - 8,245 


Hawkins . . 


. . 16,038 


Haywood . - 


. . 13,870 


Henderson . 


. . 11,875 


Henry . - 


* * 14,906 


HicKman 


. . 8,618 


Humphreys - 


- - 6.195 


Jackson - . 


- . 12,872 


Jetferson . . 


. . 12,076 


Johnson . . 


. . 2,668 


Knox - . . 


. . 16,485 


Lauderdale - 


. . 3,435 


Lawrence . 


. . 7,121 


Lincoln . . 


. . 21,493 


Madison . . 


. . 16,530 


McMinn . . 


. - 12,719 


McNairy . - 


. . 9,385 


Marlon . * 


. . 6,070 


Marshall * . 


. . 14,555 


Maury . . 


. . 28,186 


Meigs . . . 


. . 4,794 


Monroe - . 


- - 12,056 


Montgomery 


- - 16,927 


Morgan . 


. 2.660 


Obion . . 


. . 4,814 


Overton . . 


. - 9,279 


Perry . . . 


• ■ 7,419 


Polk . . . 


- . 3,570 


Rhea . . . 


. . 3,965 


Roane - . . 


. . 10,948 


Robertson . 


. . 13,601 


Rutherford . 


- - 24,280 


Sevier. . - 


. . 6,442 


Shelby - • 


. - 14,721 


Smith- . . 


. . 21,179 


Stewart . . 


• * 8,587 


Sullivan . . 


* * 10,736 


Sumner . . 


- * 22,445 


Tipton . . 


- . 6,800 


Warren . 


. - 10,803 


Washington . 


- - 11.751 


Wayne . . 


. 7 705 


We.ikley- - 


. 9,870 


White . . 


. 10,747 


Williamson - 


- - 27,006 


White - * 


. . 24,460 



72 Counties . - 829,210 

W) 



128 



POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY, &c. 



MICHIGAN. 
Allegan • ■ - 
Barry . . - . 
Berrien - • - 
Branch - - - 
Calhoun - - - 
Cass .... 
Chippewa . - 
Clinton - . . 
Ealon- • • . 
Genesee ... 
Hillsdale. - . 
Ingham - . . 
Ionia .... 
Jacl^son ... 
Kalamazoo • . 
Kent .... 
Lapeer ... 
Lenawee ... 
Livingston - . 
Macomb ... 
Mackiuaw . . 
Monroe . . . 
Oaklaud ... 
Oceana ... 
Ottawa . • . 
Saginaw . - - 
Shiawassee • • 
St. Clair . . . 
SL Joseph . . 
Van Buren - . 
Washtenaw . . 
Wayne ... 
32 Counties • 



1,783 

1,078 

5,011 

5,715 

10,599 

5,710 

534 

1,614 

2,379 

4,268 

7,240 

2,498 

1,923 

13,130 

7,380 

2,5S7 

4,265 

17,889 

7,430 

9,716 

923 

9,922 

23,646 

496 

208 

8M 

2,103 

4,606 

7,088 

1,910 

23,571 

24,173 



212,267 



INDIANA. 

AuAlBS • • • • 

Allen 

Bartholomew . . 

Blackford - . . 

Boone . - - - 

Brown . . . - 

Carroll - . • . 

Cass 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton . - . - 

Crawford . - - 

Daviess . . . - 

Dearborn - - . 

Decatur . . . . 

De Kalb . . . . 

Delaware . . . 

Dubois . . - . 

Elkhart . . - - 

Fayette . - - . 

Floyd 

Fountain . - - - 

Franklin . . - - 
Fulton - - - - 
Gibson . - . - 

Grant 

Greene - - . . 
Hamilton. - - • 
Hancock . . . . 
Harrison . - . ■ 
Hendricks • - ' 
Henry ... 
Huntingdon - - 
Jackson . - - 
Jasper. ... 
Jay .... 
Jefiferson . - - 
Jennings . - - . 
Johnson . - . ■ 
Knox .... 
Kosciusko . ■ 
Lake - - - . 
Laporte . . - 
Lagrange- • . 
Lawrence • - 
Madison - - - 
Marinn . • - 
Marshall • • • 
Martin . • - 
Miami - • - 
Monroe • . * 
Montgomery • 
Morgan . • - 
Noble 

Oranga - - 
Oneo 



Parke - . - 
Perry . . - . - 

Pike 

Posey ..... 
Porter. .... 
Pulaski - - . . 
Putnam .... 
Randolph - • • 
Ripley . - - • 
Rush 

Scrtt 

Shelby . • . . 
Spencer . . . - 
St. Joseph ... 

Siark 

Steuben . . . . 
Sullivan . • . - 
Switzerland . . 
Tippecanoe ... 
Union . . . - - 
Vanderburg ... 
Vermillion . - . 

Vigo 

Wabash - - . - 
Warren . . - - 
Warrick . . . . 
Washington - - - 
Wayne . . . . 

Wells 

Whitley . . - . 
White . . . . 

87 Counties - 

ILLINOIS, 

Adams - . . • 

Alexander - . . 

Bond 

Boone . . . - - 
Brown . - - . 
Bureau . . . . 
Calhoun . . . . 
Carroll - . . . 

Cass 

Champaign - . • 
Christian - . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton . . - - 

Coles 

Cooke* . . . - 
Crawford . . - 
De Kalb - . . . 
Dewitt . - . . 
Dupage . . . . 
Edgar- . . - • 
Edwards - - . i 
Effingham . - - 
Fayette ... 
Franklin - - - 
Fulton - - - 
Gallatin - - - 
Greene - - - . 
Hamilton - - ■ 
Hancotk- - . ■ 
Hardin . . - 
Henry_ ... 
Iroquois - - • 
Jackson - - - 
Jasper - - - - 
Jefferson - - - 
Jersey - - - - 
Jo Daviess - - 
Johnson . . - 
Kane • - - . 
Knox - - - - 
Lake - - . - 
I.asalle - - - 
Lawrence • - 
Lee - - . - 
Livingston - - 
Logan . . - • 
Macon - - - 
Madison - . - 
Macoupin - • 
Marion - - - 
Marshall- - - 
McDonough 
McHenry - - 
McLean ... 
Menard - - - 



13,499 1 

4,655 

4,769 

9,683 

2,362 

561 

16,843 

10,684 

10,392 

16,456 

4,242 

12,005 

6,303 

6,425 

149 

2,578 

8,315 

9,920 

13,724 

8,117 

6,250 

8,274 

12,076 

2,756 

6,656 

6,321 

• 15,269 

23,290 

■ 1,822 

1,237 

1,832 

686,866 



2,204 

6,942 
10,042 

1,226 

8,121 

1,364 

7,819 

5,480 
14,595 

5,567 

7,508 

6,232 

6,720 
19,327 
12,171 

1,96S 

8,8.13 

3,632 

6,660 

9,837 

9,454 
11,218 
13,349 

1,993 

8,977 

4,875 

8,321 
. 9,855 

7,635 

• 12,459 
' 11.264 
. 16,128 

1,579 

■ 8,961 

■ 1,267 
. 3,863 
. 16,614 

8,829 

■ 9,352 

• 10,657 

• 4,170 

■ 1,468 

■ 8,184 

- 3,664 
. 11,782 

- 8,874 

- 16,080 

- 1,651 

- 3,875 

- 3,048 

- 10,143 

- 14,438 

• 10,741 

• 2,702 

• 9,602 I Mercer 



8,359 I Monroe - 



14,476 
3,318 
5,060 
1,705 
4,183 
3,067 
1,741 
1,023 
2,981 
1,475 
1,878 
7,453 
3,228 
3,718 
9,616 
10,201 
4,422 
1,697 
3,247 
3,535 
8,225 
3,070 
1,675 
6,328 
3,682 
13,U2 
10,760 
11,951 
3.945 
9,946 
1,378 
1,260 
1,695 
3,566 
1,472 
6,762 
4,535 
6,180 
3,626 
6,501 
7,060 
2,634 
9,348 
7,092 
2,03'i 
759 
2,333 
3.039 
14,433 
. 7,826 
■ 4,742 
1,849 
5,308 
2,57S 
6,565 
4,431 
2,352 
4,481 



Montgomery - 
Morgan - - 
Ogle ... - 
Peoria- - - ■ 
Perry . - - ■ 
Pike . . . ■ 
Pope .... 
Puinani . . ■ 
Randolph • - 
Rock Island • ■ 
Sangamon . 
Schuyler . . 
Scott - - - 
Shelby - - 
Stark - • - 
St. Clair - - 
S'ephenson • 
Tazewell 
Union - - - 
Vermillion - 

Wabash - . 

Warren . . 

Washington - 

Wayne - - 

White- - - 

Whiteside - 

Will - 

Williamson - 

Winnebago - 

87 Counties 

MISSOURI. 
Audrian - - - - 
Barry - . - - - 
Benton - - - . 
Boone - - - * - 
Buchanalt - - . 
Caldwell . • . - 
Callaway ... 
Cape Girardeau . 
Carrnll . . - - 
Chariton - - - - 
Clarke - - - - 

Clay 

Clinton - . - - 
Cole - . . . - 
Cooper - - . - 
Crav\ford - - - 
Daviess .... 
Franklin . - - . 
Gasconade ... 
Greene - . - . 
Howard - . . - 
Jackson - - - - 
Jefferson .... 
Johnson - . - - 
Lafayette . - . - 
Lewis . . . - - 
Lincoln . . • - 

Linn 

Livingston - - - 
Macon . . . . 
Madison . . . - 
Marion . . - . 
Miller . . . . 
Monroe . - - - 
Montgomery . - 
Morgan - - - • 
Neiv Madrid - - 
Newton - . - - 
Perry - - . . . 

Pettis 

Pike 

Platte 

Polk 

Pulaski - - - - 
Randolph . . - 

Balls 

Riy 

Ripley - - - . 

Rives 

Saline . . - - ■ 

Scot 

Shelby - - . . 
St. Charles • • ■ 
St. Francois . . • 
St. Genevieve - ■ 
St. Louis - . - . 
Stodd.iid - - - • 

Taney 

Van Buren - -' ■ 
Warren . - - ■ 



4,490 
19,547 
3,479 
6,153 
3,222 
11,728 
4,094 
2,131 
6,914 
2,610 
14,716 
6,972 
6,215 
6,659 
1,573 
13,631 
2,800 
7,221 
5,528 
9,303 
4,246 
6,739 
4,810 
. 5,133 
. 6,919 
2,514 
10,167 
4,157 
4,609 



Washington - - - 7,213 

Wayne .... 3,403 

62 Counties - . J83,7Ce 
ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas- * . . 1,346 

Benton .... 2228 

Carroll .... 2,844 

Chicot .... 3^806 

Conway . . - . 2,892 

Clarke . - - - 2,309 

Crawford . . . 4,266 

Crittenden - - . 1,561 

Desha 1,598 

" ' '■ 2,665 



476,183 

1,949 
4,795 
4,205 

13,501 
6,237 
1,458 

11,765 
9,359 
2,423 
4,746 
2,846 
8,282 
2,724 
9,286 

10,484 
3,561 
2,736 
7,515 
6,330 
6,372 

13,108 
7,612 
4,296 
4,491 
6,815 
6,040 
7,448 
2,245 
4,325 
6,034 
3,395 
9,623 
2,282 
9,505 
4,371 
4,407 

4 5)4 
3,790 
5,760 
2,936 

10,646 
8,913 
8,449 
6,529 
■ 7,198 
6,670 
6,583 
2,856 
4.726 

5 258 
5,974 
3 0.i6 
7,911 
3,211 
3,148 

35,979 
3,153 
3,264 
■1,693 
4,253 



Franklin • 
Greene . - . 
Hempstead - . 
Hot Spiings . - 
Independence - 
Izaid - - - . 
Jackson ... 
Jefferson - . . 
Johnson ... 
Lafayette. . . 

Lawrence . - 
Madison ... 
Marion . . . 

Mississippi . . 

Monroe ... 

Phillips • . 

Pike . . . . 

Poinsett . . . 

Pope - - . - 

Pulaski - - . 

Randolph 



1,586 
4,921 
1,907 
3,669 
2,240 
1,540 
2,566 
3,433 
2,200 
2,835 
2,775 
1,325 
1,410 
936 
3,547 
969 
1,320 
2,660 
6,350 
2,196 



Saline 2,061 



Searcy 

Scoti - . . 

Sevier . . . 

Si. Francis - 

Union - - - 

Van Buren . 

Washington - 

White. . - 



936 
1,694 
2,810 
2,499 
2,889 
1,518 
7,148 

929 



39 Counties - . 97,574 

WISCONSIN. 

Brown .... 2,107 

Calumet - . . 275 

Crawford . . . 1,502 

Dane 314 

Drdge .... 67 

Grant 3,926 

Green 933 

Fond du Lac . . 139 

Iowa 3,978 

Jefferson .... - 914 

Manitowoc ... 235 

Marquette ... 18 

Milwaukee ... 5,605 

Portage .... 1,K3 

Raciue . - . - 3,475 

Rock 1,701 

Sai,k 102 

Sheboygan - - - 133 

SI. Croiis- ... 809 

Walworth • • • 2,611 

Washinfflon . - - 343 

Winnebago - - - 136 

22 Cr.unlies - - 30,945 
IOWA. 

Ced.ir 1,253 

Ciiytun . - - - 1,101 

Clin'on . . - - ^1 

Delaware - - - 168 

Desnioines - - - 5,577 

Dubuque . . - - 3,059 

Henry '^''^]t 

Jackson .... *''„,: 

Jefferson • - . - 2,773 

Johns-on .... 1.491 

Jones „'*71 

Lee B,093 

Li°» \il^ 

Louisa . - - • ^^^^' 

Muscaliue - - - 'i^"*? 

Scott ... • 2,140 

Van Buren - - . <>,I4B 

Washington - - - 1.594 

18 Counties . . 43,113 



(iv) 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




